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找准“乡土重建”突破口

2017-08-05 06:32:07   中国青年网

“乡土重建”是老一辈社会学者为乡村应对工业化冲击开出的“药方”。这里“借”来表述农村社会建设的任务。这些年,城镇化进程不断加快,城乡人口结构和社会生活方式都发生重大变化。正是因为有了这些变化,农村社会建设的任务更加凸显。农村社会建设也是“五位一体”总体布局中社会建设的题中之义。

农村是个以血缘关系为基础的社会生活单元。从全国整体来看,农村面积很大,人口很多。但从单个村落看,每一个村庄相对都不大,人口也不多。在城乡一体化进程中,农村人口流动在改善了农民经济状况的同时,也带来了农村社会结构的变化。所以,从农村的角度来看,社会建设确实存在“重建”的任务。

农村社会的“乡土重建”主要有两种情况:一种是外出人口比较多的乡村。这些村由于人口外出多,尤其是青壮年人口外出,极大地改变了乡村原有的农村社会结构。建立在血缘关系上的乡土社会关系,因为社会成员的流动变化而难以为继。构成农村社会生活重要内容的风俗习惯也因为人的变化,面临着“重建”的任务。再一种是经济相对较好的地方,比如浙江温州等地。这些地方城乡经济差距已经缩小,乡村经济比较发达。经济条件发生很大变化,但建立在小农生产基础上的传统社会意识却没有及时跟上城乡一体化发展的“步伐”。人们的社会意识依然残留着很多传统痕迹。表现之一是在婚丧嫁娶这样一些家家户户都会遇到的大事上,往往喜欢“大操大办”以显示对这些事情本身重视。随着经济条件变化,农村发展中越来越要求突出社会建设。其中,移风易俗是抓好农村社会建设的重要突破口。

我们在快步走向全面小康的进程中,要认真维护好传统习俗中那些给人力量、凝结人心的内容;另一方面也需认真改变那些已经无法适应形势的东西。风俗习惯本身是农村社会建设的有机组成部分。它是农村社会组织的纽带和黏合剂,也是农村社会关系的调节器,更是历史延续下来、积淀着传统智慧的社会建设资源。移风易俗是农村社会建设的重要内容,更是社会建设的重要突破口。

这些年来,不少地方都在探索移风易俗的具体路径。有些地方动员社会力量成立红白理事会,有些地方把红白理事会与农村基层组织建设结合起来,还有些地方甚至通过文件规定婚丧嫁娶宴席“规格”等。不同探索都给我们带来了有益启示。社会建设最重要的是动员社会力量参与。在农村移风易俗这件事上,让农村社会成员参与进来,把改变习俗的权力交给他们是最好选择。温州实践之所以有效,一个重要原因也在于广泛动员各个层面的社会成员参与其中。

基层组织和政府相关部门始终是农村社会建设的主导力量,需认真负起责任。在社会建设方面,基层组织和政府相关部门需学会“借力”,找到“杠杆”。通过“杠杆”撬动起各种力量,共同搞好农村社会建设。找到了“杠杆”,就找到了动员社会力量的途径。“乡土重建”归根结底,要靠生活在乡间的人们。他们是农村社会建设的参与者,更是建设者。

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