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莆仙戏《海神妈祖》的创新与突破
2017-08-04 03:32:57 中国青年网
妈祖信仰无疑是一个重要的中国文化现象。据史籍记载,妈祖原名林默,又称默娘,为宋代福建莆田湄洲屿都巡检林愿之女,通晓天文气象,能预测天气,常在海上救助遇险船只,乃至为此奉献生命,世人感念,尊之为“妈祖”,奉之为神。在一千多年的漫长岁月中,这个源自中国东南沿海小岛的地方民间神灵,不但升格为历朝官方正式褒封的航海保护神,而且走向世界,其影响遍及太平洋西岸。2009年,妈祖信仰入选联合国教科文组织人类非物质文化遗产名录。
妈祖行迹衍生了众多民间传说,为各类艺术创作提供了丰富素材。妈祖戏在福建是最多的,许多地方剧种都表现过这一题材。从总体上看,戏剧舞台上的妈祖形象历经了一个由神到人的过程。近些年的创作则多以人物爱情为主线——从其对爱情的拥有到放弃来标举妈祖由凡人到神仙的升华、超越。由福建省莆仙戏剧院创作的新编传奇剧《海神妈祖》也依循由人到神的故事模式,但不以爱情为主线,而从以往从未有过的更宽广的社会视角切入,将林默娘放在一个非常具体而微的社会关系网中来表现,以此开掘、深化人物形象内涵,写出了一个更为鲜活、立体、饱满的人物。而在将神圣人物的日常生活叙事推向极致的同时,又将她救度众生的情怀推展到更为博大的境界。这是以往从未有过的主题与发现,深刻,耐人寻味,又充满浓浓的民间气息。
在所有的妈祖戏中,都有“焚屋引航”“伏机救亲”“梳发立志”的情节。莆仙戏《海神妈祖》巧妙利用了这些惯用情节,并将林默娘焚烧自家古屋,在黑夜中燃起大火所救援的对象“具体化”为远道而来的波斯商人马库斯的蕃船。这一设计看似有些出乎意料,却有着非常坚实的现实与历史依据——莆田地处海上丝绸之路的重要节点,古时海港众多,商帆云集,很早就有远洋通商的传统。可以说,这不仅是艺术想象力的产物,更是唤醒了中国人对于千年海上丝绸之路的文化记忆。而且这一改动富含深意。中国文化一向标举仁义精神,林默娘对海上所有生命的救护,尤其是为救无亲无故的外蕃商人不惜焚毁自家古屋的行为,显示了她对于生命不分地域、不分民族、平等无私的博大的爱,可以说,这彰显的正是中华海洋文化精神对于中国传统仁义精神的扩大。
这种扩大当然不是无代价的。与其他同类题材戏剧作品相比,《海神妈祖》不仅仅简单地将妈祖还原为有血有肉的凡人、憧憬爱情的女子,更将林默娘还原为一个置身于丰富复杂社会结构中的人,显示了作为一个普通人的林默娘的情感矛盾与世俗牵累。林默娘的异能与救人善行乃至焚屋引航的壮举,固然使她成为乡亲以至航海者交口称赞的好人乃至女神,但也让她承受了世俗异样的眼光与非议,最终使得她的婚姻大事成为父母的一块心病。剧作家姚晓群以女性特有的敏感、细腻,将林默娘身上背负的社会价值评价与个人生活追求的矛盾,放在她的家庭关系中,尤其是默娘与其母的情感纠葛上来表现。
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