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从古城古村里读懂中国

2017-08-05 04:34:08   中国青年网

【走进古城古镇古村落·调研札记】

费孝通先生认为,乡土社会的“差序格局”中,倒映着整个中国。

西方社会以个人为本位,人与人之间的关系,好像是一捆柴,几根成一把,几把成一扎,几扎成一捆,拆开也仍是原貌。而中国乡土社会则以亲缘和宗族为轴展开叙事,“人”是关系中的人、亲缘中的人、社群中的人。就像把一块石头扔到湖水里,以这个石头(个人)为中心点,四周会形成一圈一圈的社会关系的波纹。某种意义上,中国的文化、中国的社会治理特征,正与这种共生性相伴生。

如费先生所言,从乡土社会进入现代社会的过程中,我们在乡土社会中所养成的生活方式处处产生了流弊,而今天乡村的空心化、乡村文化的断裂等现象的出现,也透露出了乡土社会完成现代转型的难度。但令人欣慰的是,至今仍人文兴盛的古城、古镇、古村,呈现了中国文化的巨大弹性和韧劲,赋予了我们以自己的哲学、伦理、文化精神为基点进行现代社会治理的信心。

比如,湘南琵琶岗村“双姓同祠”的景观,就内含着中国文化“和”的精神。“和”有时候是一种共同体意识:中和、泰和、和衷共济;有时指向一种良好秩序:“致中和,天地位焉,万物育焉”;有时候是一种解决争端的理念:君子和而不同、群而不党。它的不同层次的内涵,对应了社会交往中不同层次的问题;它的持久浸润和长期滋养,塑造了多元共生、多态共融的乡村生活,让一个从传统走入现代的古村,始终保持着文化共同体的美好样貌。

假使说,“和”的理念对应着乡土中国的共生性关系,是古村落的核心精神,那么家规家训则是承载这个精神的载体,是形成公序良俗的抓手。琵琶岗村《刘氏宗谱》家训、《萧氏家谱》家训,都是以家庭伦理为主体、以仁孝礼义为根本,重视齐家善邻和修身养德、提倡自强不息和励志勤学、教导民族大义和担当精神。和华夏大地上无数的家规家训一样,它们的功能已经远远超出对本家族的教育作用,而成为社会教育的一种独特形式,今天仍具有深厚的价值。

“有堂皆设井,无宅不雕花”。古村古镇在历史上栉风沐雨存续至今,也许是因为始终护持着一口中国文化精神的元气。不仅生存下来,而且生机勃勃、欣欣向荣,也许是已经在漫长的转型中摸索到了乡村治理的钥匙:“礼乐政刑”综合为治,从现代乡村建设和传统人文精神中找到双重支点。有理由相信,从无数湘南琵琶岗村的故事里,我们读出的将不仅仅是一村一镇的文化建设启示。

(作者:刘文嘉)

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