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通古今之变,观三千年文学

2017-08-04 04:33:08   中国青年网

中国社会科学院向读者推出的重大学术成果《中国文学通史》12卷,是集半个多世纪我国学者在中国文学史领域的诸多研究积累的开拓性工程,具有重大而深远的学术意义。

上世纪90年代,时任中国社会科学院文学研究所兼民族文学研究所所长的张炯曾偕同邓绍基、樊骏一起主编《中华文学通史》10卷本,1997年由华艺出版社出版。此书继承了文学研究所几代学者的成果,包括余冠英主编的《中国文学史》,唐弢主编的《中国现代文学史》和张炯主编成稿的《中国当代文学史》,在此基础上修改、补充、整合,并将我国各民族文学史和台、港、澳文学史加入。当时动员和组织两个研究所的力量,并得到北京大学、北京师范大学、中央民族大学和福建、广东社科院一些学者的支援,共百多位专家经三年努力始大功告成。进入新世纪之后,根据广泛征求的意见,鉴于研究领域的新进展,编委会决定对全书做大幅修改和补充。因樊骏故世,添长期研究民族文学的郎樱为主编,扩展为12卷,更名为《中国文学通史》,由凤凰出版公司江苏文艺出版社于2011年出版。全书洋洋600余万字,上溯中华史前神话传说,下至20世纪末的文学创作,纵览三千年,横向上同样收纳以往文学史著作缺失的少数民族文学和台、港、澳文学,所囊括的文学史知识让人叹为观止。太史公所谓“通古今之变”,其此之谓乎?

此书贯通古今的完整性无需赘言。当年鲁迅著《汉文学史纲要》,已意识到传统中国文学史著作没有包括各民族文学。《中国文学通史》首次把各民族文学列入,使各民族英雄史诗如藏族的《格萨尔》、蒙古族的《江格尔》、柯尔克孜族的《玛纳斯》以及其他民族文学成就都得到展示,气概恢弘,绚丽多彩,更完整地展现了我国文学史多源多元的本真面貌,纠正了以往中国文学史著作仅限于论述汉族文学的偏颇。不只唐五代十国、辽、西夏、金、元、清等古代少数民族的文学作品和文学现象得到了应有的关注和梳理,近现代尤其是新中国成立后才被认定的诸多少数民族的神话传说、图腾信仰甚至口传故事、歌谣等民间文学资源都得到了学术性的整理和重视。这不只是学术研究领域的拓宽,更是一种文学史观念和研究方法的更新与进步。

《中国文学通史》另一个特点是贯穿辩证唯物史观,既重视文学史与政治、经济、文化史的区别,又不忽视政治、经济、文化等因素对文学发展的影响,从而扩充了我们对“文学史”所包含的范畴的认知。我们在从事批评工作时常用“知人论世”的方法,对某个作家的家世、社会关系做完全充分的研究,以此来解读他的作品文本,也常“以意逆志”,以新颖的洞见窥探文学创作的规律与内涵。但在文学史研究中,对某些概念、某些体制机制、某些社会因素是否该进入文学史研究的范畴,前人著作多较谨慎。这部《中国文学通史》则以开放的心态比较充分地关注到政治、经济、文化诸因素的变化对文学产生的影响。如在对20世纪初中国文学的论述中引入当时相当重要的新闻出版制度研究、外国作品译介传播研究等问题,无疑抓住了那个时期极为关键的范畴。《中国文学通史》还在此基础上对那个风云诡谲的时代的文学浪潮、文学现象、文学社团、同人杂志等进行了忠实的记录与客观的品评。这种开放的姿态无疑更贴近当时的文学现场。可以说,《中国文学通史》不管在文学史观念的创新、文学史体例的丰富和研究方法的通达方面都比前人有所超越。

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