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大众网记者 田阳 实习生 孙正 一件木质立柜,经上百年风霜,仍能散发独一无二的气质。数百个连接点,不用一颗钉,零件与零件之间的相互连结,用一种千年前的结构——“榫卯”相接,环扣相系。相遇是谋略,榫卯相合于种种变化之中,繁复惊艳,一见欢喜。 传承千年的珍贵技艺,在泰安又有怎样的故事呢?“木匠”朱德标,带大众网记者走进了他的作坊,一件件榫卯结构的木质物件以它们独特的纹理和结构,诉说着剡木入窍的精巧与别致。 7、8月份,由于天气和雨期的影响,不适宜木材的制作,所以朱德标的工坊已经停工。 榫卯严密扣合 木器美观耐用 榫卯,是在两个木构件上采用的一种凹凸结合的连接方式。凸出部分叫榫或榫头,凹进部分叫卯或榫眼、榫槽。榫卯是中国古代建筑、家具及其它木制器械的主要结构方式。之所以为人们称赞追捧,还要从这种结构的工艺说起。 无需任何五金件或胶水,通过各种嵌套就可以把木质零件牢牢固定在一起,若榫卯使用得当,两块木结构之间就能严密扣合,达到“天衣无缝”的程度。古代木匠必须具备的榫卯设计基本技能,工匠手艺的高低,通过榫卯的结构就能清楚的反映出来。 “榫卯讲究严丝合缝,两个结构之间通过榫头插入卯眼的抓力,使得物体的连接更加坚固。作为中国传统建筑与家具工艺中的精髓,古典家具和传统家具基本都用这样的接合方式,木件之间巧妙组合,做出来的家具更加美观、耐用。”朱德标告诉大众网记者。 小众和时间 给了传统工艺价值 六年前,朱德标放弃运输公司的工作,转而投身木质家具制造。产品不批量生产,不走市场化道路,他自己和几个老木匠一起,偏安在一隅小院,一刀一刀地挖刻、打磨,开始做起了木质家具。朱德标说:“自己就是喜欢这个,找到想要的东西就要一直向前。我不愿让这些家具成为工业的重复,所以不批量。可能自己亲手打造需要花很多时间,但这样它才有意义。” 说起对木头的感情,大概就是从祖辈的木匠铺里产生的。“家里以前就开过木匠铺,我从小看家里的大人做木工活,连玩的玩具都是木制品。虽然现在的这种工艺没落了,但传统的东西还是有它价值的存在。”朱德标说。 论起学艺,朱德标从未正式拜过师,靠着从小耳濡目染,他找了几个老师傅就开起了工坊。一边向他们请教,一边和他们一起研究着榫卯结构的家具。如今他的工坊里制造的木质家具,几乎全靠榫卯结构连接。当然,也有创新。朱德标说:“不能完全还原传统的制造方法,我们也会用到现在的五金件,橱柜抽屉的轨道、挂钩结合现代的方式可能更方便一些。即便磨损,到时候只需更换五金件就可以了,榫卯结构制造的家具可以使用上百年不成问题。” 榫卯样式繁多 一件成品能用到500个结构 朱德标给大众网记者展示了几种榫卯结构的样品木件,有简单的“直榫”,有柜角常用的“粽角榫”,“格肩榫”、“长短榫”、“托角榫”等。通过点的结合,连结成坚固稳定的立面,再到整个家具的成型,拼接和锁插,榫卯结构就像高级版的立体拼图。 不过,榫卯的变化形式多种多样,即便是专业的木工设计师也不一定了解所有榫卯结构,单单有资料记载的就多达上百种。朱德标告诉大众网记者:“一件成品木质立柜,它所用到的榫卯结构可达300—500个,大点的家具就更多一些。如此组合,柜子的承重力是非常大的。” 朱德标坚信,每一块木头都有它自己的质感:“没有相同的两块木头,工艺使它们更完美,也带给它们新的生命。”榫卯结构的魅力就在于,在它所有尺寸的计算与测量中找到平衡,找到那方扣,那相遇的不可分离。
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