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留住祠堂壁画之美
2017-08-04 03:32:22 中国青年网
祠堂古戏台 资料图片
闵子骞单衣顺母
近日,在由湖南省政协文史委等单位组织的“寻找身边的古建筑——青年学子历史建筑保护公益行”专题调研活动中,中南大学中国村落文化研究中心课题组成员在湖南省桂阳县发现了一处“家礼家训”题材壁画遗存,内容都是鲜明的“家礼家训”题材。此次发现的壁画具有怎样的价值?如何保护好这些精美的壁画?带着一系列问题,记者走进中南大学中国村落文化研究中心,采访了课题组有关成员。
劝谕性壁画的典型代表
7月26日,中南大学中国村落文化研究中心课题组龙明盛、阳利新、李峰、缪文凯、陈勤学等5名成员深入湖南省桂阳县莲塘镇锦湖村进行田野调查。在对锦湖村极具湘南特色的锦湖傅氏家祠古戏台的考察中,调查组在锦湖家祠享堂左右壁、后壁、两边侧廊墙壁发现有“家礼家训”壁画遗存。整个壁画遗存围绕儒家“孝、悌、忠、信、礼、义、廉、耻”的价值观,以历史典故来形象地阐释儒家的人文精神。
根据祠堂里碑刻可知,壁画始绘制于乾隆九年(1743年),距今有274年的历史。壁画面积达230平方米,分别位于祠堂左右侧廊、享堂的左右壁、寝堂左右壁与后壁。经初步清理,现保存完好、整体辨识度较高的壁画有15铺,面积为100余平方米。
整个祠堂壁画遗存,最能体现“家礼家训”主题之处,位于享堂左右两壁。左侧墙壁,描绘的是“闵子骞单衣顺母”“大保国”“岳飞大败金兀术”“梁灏借书”四个故事;右侧墙壁,描绘的是“程门立雪”“千里走单骑”“掩银寻主”“不食周粟”四个故事。在壁画之外,还有相应的文字,与图画互相呼应,相互补充。壁画的主题围绕儒家“孝、悌、忠、信、礼、义、廉、耻”的价值观展开,整个壁画线条紧劲连绵,坚韧有力,色彩以赭、绿为主,艺术水平颇高。享堂山墙还绘有青龙、白虎、鲤鱼等祥瑞图案。
中南大学中国村落文化研究中心主任、教授胡彬彬认为,中国古代曾在很长一段时间内,将绘画看作是道德教育的重要载体,特别强调它的社会文化功能。中国绘画史上曾有过一个“礼教时期”,而且持续时间较长,这种绘画功能主义的思想,虽说在宋以后不为文人士大夫所倡导,然而在清代发展相当繁盛,多分布于祠堂、私宅和寺庙等场所。清代“家礼家训”壁画贴近大众,承担着对基层民众传递儒家“忠孝”观念、伦理道德和宗教风尚的重任。
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