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李凤民:荒山中寻水 生态里富民

2017-06-29 15:22:48   央视网

2017年5月11日,李凤民(左)和团队成员在查看冬小麦的生长状况。(来源:新华网)

央视网消息:水是生命之源。但是在中国,人均水资源只有世界水平的四分之一;70%的城市供水不足;20%的城市严重缺水;每年因缺水造成的经济损失在2000亿到3000亿元。

李凤民,中国农业生态学领域重要带头人之一。为了能让占全国面积一半以上的干旱半干旱地区提高产量,恢复生态,他扎根祖国西北,在荒山中寻水,奋战20多年。

欲治穷先治水

甘肃兰州榆中北山地区,每年降雨量只有320毫米左右。上世纪八九十年代,由于植被破坏,水土流失愈发严重。严苛的自然环境对农业生产造成了极大限制,旱地农业产量低而不稳已经成为人们的共识。在甘肃,小麦是主粮,而当时的亩产量仅有100斤左右,长期不能满足温饱,限制产量的症结就是“缺水”。

要解决贫穷问题,首先要解决水的问题。李凤民开始替农民算起了“水账”,大田漫灌不可行,那就在土壤含水量最低时,从水窖抽水,解决农作物的“卡脖子旱”,其次,利用集水农业思路做沟垄覆膜推广。

从那以后,经过近20年的发展探索和总结提炼,以沟垄覆盖为代表的田间微集水工程已经成为我国北方现代旱地农业的主要生产方式,以水窖存储和节水灌溉为代表的高附加值作物生产方式在城郊农业中也发挥着重要作用。

农业生态为富民

“做农业生态,一定要知道老百姓最关心什么,最期待解决什么问题。”

李凤民提出了农草牧协同发展的理念和生态模式。发展旱地农业不仅可以生产粮食,更重要的是为畜牧业发展提供饲草料。人工草地作为畜牧业的补充饲草料来源,同时可作为生态恢复性植被发挥更加重要的作用。

在十年之前,兰州的羊肉每斤能卖到30-40元,熟羊肉能卖到60-70元,而现在经济发展了,人们的收入增加了,但羊肉的价钱却下降了一倍多。兰州现在的羊肉不但好吃,而且价钱不贵,这就是畜牧业发展的重要体现,也是生态农业发展的重要成果。

在李凤民看来,解决群众基本的温饱问题,就能大幅度降低人口对土地利用的强度,从而缓和对生态环境的压力,使退化的生态系统得以休养生息,逐步得到恢复。这样的生态恢复才是稳定的、可持续的。

“我就是个农民”

“我就是个农民,我的研究也离不开土地。”

李凤民不在实验室“种论文”,爱在田里“玩泥巴”。他的课题方向,好多来自和老乡的闲聊。他用生态学思路化解旱地农业难题,最终目的都是满足百姓需求。

除了在水、热、光、气、土上下功夫外,李凤民更注重系统的整体性和协调性,他创新了通过降低人口对土地利用强度,使退化的生态系统得以休养生息,这一模式,现在在巴基斯坦等“一带一路”国家复制。

目前,李凤民领导的研究小组正在实施规模化的土地改良试验、生态友好型沟垄覆膜生产方式、农草牧结合与市场化生态策略等研究,力求寻找到更适合中国实际的旱地农业体系,更适合发展中国家的现代化农业之路。

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