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从蒸汽机车到标准动车组 火车头见证中国铁路百年变迁

2017-06-27 20:02:43   国际在线

国际在线消息(记者 杨琼 实习记者 周茜颖、何诗雅、郑雅文):26日,“复兴号”中国标准动车组在京沪高铁首发。从100多年前的引进外国蒸汽机车,再到具有完全自主知识产权的高铁,不断发展的火车头见证了中国铁路的高速发展,也见证着车轮上的中国高速奔跑。

“这些机车能够基本上代表我们国家早期机车发展的一个历史脉络……”走进位于北京东郊的中国铁道博物馆,1万多平方米的展厅内陈列着120多个火车头。俗话说,“火车跑得快,全靠车头带”。从蒸汽机到内燃机,再从电力机到动车高铁,这些大大小小、颜色各异的火车头的变化,也是中国铁路从弱到强发展的缩影。“咱们展厅里面收藏最古老的,也是咱们中国现存最古老的蒸汽机车,就是这个0号蒸汽机车。它是1881年的时候在英国制造的。”

站在铁道博物馆的镇馆之宝——中国最古老的蒸汽机车前,铁道博物馆馆员杨溪感慨万千。在100多年前的前清时代,铁路被视为破坏风水的“奇技淫巧”。在1949年以前,中国的蒸汽机车主要依靠从国外进口,来自多个国家的140多个机型的蒸汽机车同时在中国的铁路上运转。杨溪介绍说:“中国在解放以前,实际上它是没有自己设计和制造机车的能力,所以又叫‘外国机车博览会’,咱们展厅里面这些蒸汽机车也是来自七个国家的蒸汽机车,代表咱们当时这个装备制造业的水平比较落后。”

1949年新中国成立后,铁路发展被提上重要议程。1952年,四方机车车辆工厂仿制成功中国第一台“解放”型蒸汽机车。它的诞生,结束了中国不能制造机车的历史。1956年,中国自行研发的第一台大功率干线货运蒸汽机车前进0001号研制成功。杨溪介绍说:“1956年以前,咱们的机车要不然是仿制的,要不然就是修复原来解放以前其他国家剩在中国的机车。但是咱们重新从画图纸、到设计,到整个这一套,咱们自己重头开始这个车是第一台,所以它是很有纪念意义。”

随着时代发展和科技进步,内燃机车开始显露身手。1958年,中国开始制造内燃机车。“东风”——这个新中国成立后有着特殊意义的名字被用于这一系列的机车。杨溪介绍,内燃机车被广泛运用于西北戈壁荒漠、东北大兴安岭等干旱缺水地区,以及线路坡度大、长隧道较多的西南地区。“这个车,它是东风4C型,在咱们铁路系统里面有一个绰号叫‘蓝猫’,因为可以看到它的前脸的装饰,像一个猫耳朵的形状。东风系列的内燃机车都是电传动的,装的是直流电机,用直流电机来牵引机车的。这辆车是完全国产的。”

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