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美军成功拦截洲际导弹? 专家 :离实战相去甚远

2017-06-07 14:42:50   

当地时间5月30日,美国进行拦截洲际弹道导弹的试验。图片来源:视觉中国

近日,美军从范登堡空军基地发射了一枚拦截导弹,目标是一枚从太平洋马绍尔群岛夸贾林环礁试验场发射的模拟洲际弹道导弹。拦截导弹进入外层空间后,释放出“外大气层杀伤飞行器”,在太平洋上空摧毁了来袭目标。这是美军首次进行洲际弹道导弹拦截测试。

科技日报记者了解到,美国此次测试的陆基中段反导(GMD)系统,属于美国反导体系中的核心部分,它来自于美国原来的国家导弹防御(NMD)系统。美国反导体系还有其他三个部分,一个是海基中段反导(SMD)系统,即大名鼎鼎的舰载“宙斯盾”系统,另外就是“萨德”末段高空系统和“爱国者-3”末段低空系统。此次成功拦截洲际弹道导弹,预示着GMD技术有了新的提升,可以拦截所有射程的弹道导弹。

国防科技大学国家安全与军事战略研究中心王群教授对此表示:“在飞行试验阶段,美军GMD曾做过一次拦截洲际弹道导弹的测试,因此准确地说,这次应该是它自2004年实战部署以来,所进行的第一次洲际弹道导弹的拦截测试。试验的成功,表明GMD防御洲际弹道导弹已不再是纸上谈兵,对世界军事平衡和安全局势都将有一定影响。”

陆基中段拦截难度大,成功率不足50%

谈陆基中段反导系统,必须先了解洲际弹道导弹飞行的三个过程:初始段,即导弹发射后向大气层外爬升的有动力阶段;中段,即导弹重返大气层前的自由飞行阶段;末段,即导弹再入大气层到落地的阶段。中段反导拦截,就是说导弹在大气层外飞行时对其拦截。在该段拦截有一定优势,如弹道最长、平稳固定、能精确预测,拦截阵地设置要求低,提供的拦截时间长,拦截后附带损伤小等。

然而,陆基中段反导并不简单,需要天基、地基、海基等多个侦察预警平台对弹道导弹的接力探测与跟踪。同时,还需要有大推力的拦截导弹高速飞向太空,以动能撞击的方式迎头拦截,这就像是“用子弹打子弹”。

美国反导系统建设基本采取“边部署、边研究、边试验、边提高”的策略,即部署后通过不断研究、改进和试验,提升反导系统的性能。

“1999年10月以来,GMD一直在进行拦截试验,至今共进行了19次,美国对外宣布成功10次。”王群介绍,“可以说,在美国目前实战部署的4种反导系统中,它投资花费最多,400多亿美元,但拦截成功率却最低,而且此前的18次拦截测试,大都以速度较慢的中程弹道导弹为目标。就是这些成功的试验中,据美国媒体透露有些也只能算是部分成功,所以即使按美军的标准,GMD的拦截成功率也不到50%。”

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