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四万年前北京人DNA成功提取测序:第一个中国古人类基因组

2017-10-13 08:46:53   

田园洞遗址外观图 受访者供图

零落成泥碾作尘,只有香如故。

数万年前古人类的基因组也可以从化石中提取出来,也可以测序?

国际上最新的古DNA技术,让数万年甚至几十万年前古人类的DNA从人类化石甚至土壤中获得,成为一种可能。

北京房山的田园洞曾出土一具四万年前男性的骨骼化石。中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所的研究人员从其富含细菌和真菌DNA污染的化石样品中,通过他们和德国合作团队一同开发的一种特殊的捕获技术,将混杂在大量微生物DNA中极其微量的古人类的DNA筛选出来,并进行了测序。

由此,中国地区古人类的第一个基因组、整个东亚地区最古老的人类基因组诞生。

科学家们对这一难得的基因组数据进行了充分研究,他们将其与世界范围内各种人群的基因组数据等进行了比对。研究最终证实,田园洞人属于古东亚人,但他并非现代东亚人的直接祖先。也就是说,田园洞人这一支系的东亚人没能繁衍至今。

科学家惊讶地发现,四万年前,虽然田园洞人居住在中国北京房山地区,他们却跟来自比利时的古欧洲人有遗传联系。但这并不意味着北京田园洞人拥有欧洲血统。此外,研究人员发现,在美洲土著的各个人群中,美洲的亚马逊人与北京田园洞人的遗传关系最近。

10月13日,该论文在线发表在国际学术期刊《现代生物学》(Current Biology)上,标题为题为“四万年前亚洲人为欧亚早期人群结构提供新洞见”(40,000-Year-Old Individual from Asia Provides Insight into Early Population Structure in Eurasia)。

该研究项目由中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所研究员付巧妹、Melinda Yang、高星、同号文与德国马普进化人类研究所等团队合作完成。

神奇技术可钓取零落在化石中数万年前古人类的DNA

在德国进行研究时,付巧妹与合作者开发了从样品中“钓取”古人类基因组的技术方法,该论文2013年发表在国际学术期刊《美国科学院院刊》(PNAS)上。

12日晚,参与该研究的中科院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所研究员付巧妹告诉澎湃新闻(www.thepaper.cn),受到该方法的启示,全球更多研究人员开始尝试钓取,并拼接出不同年代、不同地区的古人类基因组。仅从2015年到2017年下半年,已经有超过6篇关于古人类基因组研究的论文发表在国际顶级学术期刊上,如自然杂志。

在这个神奇的技术中,他们要合成一系列特殊的DNA探针,当作鱼钩,在泥土、化石等样品中钓想要的古人类DNA。

用这样的方法,2013年,付巧妹拼接出古人类田园洞人的第21号染色体。现在,她又钓取并拼接出另外几十条染色体,得到第一个来自中国的古人类的整个基因组。

但付巧妹向澎湃新闻强调,这个钓取并拼接成的基因组,并非完整的基因组。它还缺失了很多基因片段。但这个田园洞人基因组测序数据涵盖了整个基因组上研究人员最感兴趣的群体遗传学基因的位点。所以,更准确地说,这是全基因组水平上的测序数据。

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