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测试离子推进器?美媒猜测X-37B神秘在轨任务

2017-09-18 11:01:53   中国青年网

美国《国家利益》双月刊网站9月16日报道称,据美联社报道,9月7日,美国空军绝密的无人太空飞机X-37B已由“猎鹰9”号火箭在美国航空航天局(NASA)位于佛罗里达州的肯尼迪航天中心发射升空。这是X-37B第5次进入太空。“猎鹰9”号火箭由太空探索技术公司(SpaceX)提供。

尽管X-37B轨道试验飞行器的任务属于绝密,但哥伦比亚广播公司报道称,该飞行器将由“猎鹰9”号火箭的第二级推进器送入较低轨道。

经过11年的研发,X-37B轨道试验飞行器于2010年4月首次发射。今年5月,X-37B在绕轨飞行718天并完成第4次太空任务后返回佛罗里达。

尽管当时美国空军称,X-37B“对可回收太空飞行器技术进行了降低风险、实验和作业概念发展”的操作,但有关此次任务的详细信息仍是绝密。据《大众机械》月刊报道,专家认为,X-37B太空飞行器的有效载荷“用于试验新型军用卫星技术,包括离子推进器,以及用于监视地面物体或其他卫星的光学感应器”。

SpaceX参与该项目并不令人意外。今年6月,美国空军部长希瑟·威尔逊在参议院军事委员会的听证会上宣布了这个消息。美国空军公开表示,X-37B项目的主要目标之一就是试验“可回收太空飞行器技术”。低成本的“猎鹰9”号火箭能将卫星有效载荷迅速送入低轨道和地球同步转移轨道,这让SpaceX赢得了两份将全球定位卫星送入轨道的合同。此前该公司已被授权在2015年发射军用有效载荷,并在今年5月为美国国家侦察局发射一枚间谍卫星。

专家说,低轨道是试验新型推进系统的理想之地,这种推进系统可能改变轨道侦察的竞赛。安全世界基金会的技术顾问布赖恩·威登在2016年对《航空航天杂志》的记者说:“我认为,线索就是它(X-37B)将处于多低的轨道。”他说,X-37B位于200英里(约合322公里)这个相对较低的轨道说明,美国空军正在测试X-37B上试验性的离子推进器。

威登说,这些具有“霍尔效应”的离子推进器类似于NASA的演进氙离子推进器,其设计目的是在免除液体燃料额外重量的情况下,使间谍卫星具有灵活性,因为间谍卫星位于低轨道,必须频繁点燃转向推进器才能保持高度。威登说:“传统高清成像卫星发射难度很大的原因之一就是,它们的体积和重量太大。”

目前还不清楚SpaceX是否将继续参与美国空军的空间计划。威尔逊在今年6月的听证会上说,SpaceX与联合发射联盟公司之间的竞争“将降低发射成本”。在美国政府财政紧张的情况下,这将是国防部和NASA优先考虑的因素之一。

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