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历经三十年的研发 艾滋病疫苗离上市还有多远?

2017-09-15 13:16:51   中国青年网

美国强生公司设计了一种新颖的马赛克疫苗,即把两种不同艾滋病病毒亚型的多种抗原集中在一种疫苗上,初步的临床试验结果,该疫苗具有良好的耐受性,有一定的免疫应答。(资料图/图)

经过三十年的研发,目前仍然没有一例艾滋病疫苗达到上市标准,但随着科学家们对艾滋病病毒结构、作用机制及人体反应等研究的不断深入,新的艾滋病疫苗有望取得突破。

国内有媒体最近报道了美国强生公司一项新艾滋病疫苗的安全性临床试验结果,由于采用“全球首次HIV疫苗临床试验”、“100%产生了对抗HIV的抗体”等说法,迅速被国内众多媒体转载,引发普遍关注。不过很快,就有专业人士指出,这是一项对科学研究的过度解读甚至是误读,因为这只是一项很初步的临床试验结果,仅仅证明强生公司研发的这种疫苗具有良好的耐受性,并且有一定的免疫应答,但是所产生的抗体是否能对抗HIV,对受试志愿者是否能起到较好保护作用,还需要进一步临床试验证据。

在30年艾滋病疫苗研究历史中,曾经出现过很多这种令人鼓舞的临床研究结果,但是大多数最后都折戟沉沙。面对狡猾而善变的艾滋病病毒,科学家们不断经历希望、失败、新希望的过程,能否为我们带来安全有效的艾滋病疫苗呢?

屡败屡战

艾滋病又称获得性免疫缺陷综合征。据推测,该病是在19世纪末或20世纪初出现的,但是直到1981年,艾滋病才被美国疾病预防控制中心确定为一种新的疾病。1984年,美国国家癌症研究所宣布找到艾滋病的罪魁祸首——人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV),一种专门攻击人体免疫系统,使机体丧失免疫能力的逆转录病毒。

由于不健康的性生活、不正规的输血、注射吸毒和母婴传播等原因,加上艾滋病病毒潜伏期长,艾滋病迅速成为对人类健康造成巨大威胁的全球公共卫生问题。据世界卫生组织数据,目前全球艾滋病携带者约有3670万人,每年新增感染者约200万人,死亡病例累计超过3500万人。非洲地区受艾滋病影响最为严重,艾滋病携带者超过2500万人,南非则是艾滋病携带者最多的国家,超过680万人,占南非总人口的18%,美国约有120多万人感染艾滋病病毒,中国的艾滋病携带者约有60万。艾滋病给世界各国造成巨大的社会问题和沉重的经济负担,到2031年,全球每年花在艾滋病治疗和预防上的费用将多达350亿美元,是目前的3倍。

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