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充分认识我国人口老龄化的规律和特征

2017-08-20 07:56:23   中国经济网

我国是世界上人口老龄化程度较高的国家之一。习近平同志指出,“满足数量庞大的老年群众多方面需求、妥善解决人口老龄化带来的社会问题,事关国家发展全局,事关百姓福祉”。“十三五”规划纲要明确提出,要“加强顶层设计,构建以人口战略、生育政策、就业制度、养老服务、社保体系、健康保障、人才培养、环境支持、社会参与等为支撑的人口老龄化应对体系”。贯彻落实习近平同志重要讲话精神,推动我国老龄事业全面协调可持续发展,必须充分认识我国人口老龄化的规律和特征,并在此基础上进行科学的制度设计、提出合理的政策措施。

人口老龄化是现代化进程的必然结果,计划生育政策不是我国人口老龄化的根本原因

一些人认为,我国人口老龄化的根本原因是实行了计划生育政策。但综观世界各国人口情况、深入分析人口老龄化规律可以发现,人口老龄化是现代化进程的必然结果。我国的计划生育政策虽然在一定程度上加速了人口老龄化进程,但并不是人口老龄化的根本原因。

人口老龄化是现代化进程的必然结果。人口老龄化普遍发生于世界各国,21世纪可以说是人口老龄化的世纪。2005年,全球60岁及以上人口占总人口的比重超过10%,意味着全球在总体上跨过了老龄社会的“门槛”。其中,发达国家早在二战结束时就已迈入老龄社会,此后老龄化程度不断提高;发展中国家尚未全部迈入老龄社会,但老龄化速度进入21世纪后快速提升。根据联合国预测,目前世界上人口结构最年轻的国家也将在21世纪末步入老龄社会。可见,人口老龄化并非某个国家或地区的局部现象,而是发生于整个人类社会、并将在较长时间内持续存在的普遍现象。其主要原因是:伴随现代化的深入发展,全球生育率下降,人类寿命普遍延长。只要这两个方面保持不变,那么人口老龄化趋势就不可逆转。

人口老龄化是我国人口发展的必然趋势和规律。同世界其他国家相继步入老龄社会一样,我国人口老龄化也是现代化进程的必然结果。我国人口年龄结构由“年轻型”向“老年型”的转变始于上世纪70年代后期。到上世纪末,我国正式迈入老龄社会。改革开放以来,我国经济社会快速发展,医疗卫生水平不断提高,降低了死亡率、延长了人口寿命,老年人口的绝对规模明显扩大;同时,计划生育政策带来了出生率下降、少儿人口规模减少、老年人口比重提高,我国老龄化速度不断提升。

计划生育政策不是我国人口老龄化的根本原因。老龄化是世界人口发展的必然趋势,也是在全球范围内得到验证的普遍规律。我国的计划生育政策加快了人口老龄化速度,但也减少了未来老年人口的总体规模,并在一定程度上缩短了老年人口规模处于较高水平的时间。可以设想,如果未实施计划生育政策,我国步入老龄社会的时间虽将有所推迟,却会在更长时间里面对更庞大的老年人口规模,面临更沉重的养老压力。事实上,我国目前的老年人口规模庞大,正是因为上世纪五六十年代高出生率时期积累的大规模人口相继步入了老年。

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