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法学家谈“隔空碰瓷”:并非所有伤害 都该找他人埋单

2017-08-14 07:40:50   中国经济网

近日,有一则新闻遭到网友刷屏:张先生开车从停车场驶出,准备驶入机动车道时,左前侧非机动车道上驶来一辆载人电动车,张先生刹车停下。不料,在没有碰撞的情况下,电动车突然在几米之外倒地,车上一人受轻微伤。经交警调解,张先生向电动车一方赔偿300元。

负责事故处理的交警认定,非机动车骑手操作不当,车后载人,车速较快,是导致事故的主要原因,负主要责任。小车车主没有过错,但电动车骑手受惊吓摔倒和小车从停车场驶出有一定因果关系,故小车车主承担无过错次责。有律师认为,交警的这一处理并无问题。而网友显然对此不买账。有网友惊呼,最新的“隔空碰瓷法”就此诞生;有人调侃道,买一辆小电驴,每天“隔空碰瓷”10次,每个月做20天,月入6万……

调侃虽戏谑,背后却有严肃的深层问题:究竟是立法出了问题,还是执法出了问题?或者,是老百姓的公平观出了问题?

需要厘清两组法律概念

多年来,因为某个著名的案例,社会一度形成这样的错误认识,即如果路见老人倒地,你上前扶助之时,一定要架好相机录制全程,或者找好路人作证。如果不能自证清白,则遭到碰瓷讹诈,只能自认倒霉。

但法律确实是这样规定的吗?这里需要厘清两组法律概念:其一,适用法律时,要区分过错责任与无过错责任;其二,事实认定时,要区分原因与条件。

一般情况下,侵权责任属于过错责任,适用“谁主张,谁举证”原则。自然人之间的侵权行为,即适用过错责任。比如常见的遇到老人“扶不扶”问题,如果你扶起了倒在地上的老太太,对方却认为是你撞的,那么她必须承担举证责任;如果举证不力,则要承担败诉的后果。

不仅如此,法律还豁免了救助人因经验不足而带来的损害赔偿责任。2017年颁布的《民法总则》第184条规定,因自愿实施紧急救助行为造成受助人损害的,救助人不承担民事责任。据此,普通人尽可相信“善因善果,福报相延”,路遇危难,理当放心大胆上前施救。这从情理上说是“人在做,天在看”,从法理上也有保障。

不过,对于特殊侵权行为,适用的是无过错责任原则,即原告只要举出损害事实,且损害事实和被告的行为之间有因果关系,无须证明被告有过错,就可认定被告有法律责任。但请注意,这种责任,仅限于法律有明确规定的场合。比如,根据《侵权责任法》规定,在高空、高压、高速的高度危险领域,就大量适用无过错责任。举个例子,按照《产品质量法》,如果消费者因购买的电器漏电而受伤害,可以径行找厂商索赔,无须考虑后者是否有过错。

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