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“两桶油”打起价格战 成品油完全市场化来临?

2017-06-22 07:42:15   新京报

伴随着国内油市垄断坚冰的逐渐打破,成品油价格战的兴起等,国内成品油定价机制的完全市场化,已是万事俱备,只欠东风,一旦捅破这一层窗户纸,迈出这临门一脚,国内成品油定价机制就能真正实现完全市场化。

3月下旬以来,国内成品油市场爆发了一场罕见的价格战。据媒体报道,在这场价格战中,参与者既包括身份显赫的两桶油(中石油、中石化),还有民营加油站及壳牌、英国石油等跨国石油巨头旗下加油站,覆盖了山东、河南、浙江和广东等地区,一些地区的油价降幅高达2.3元/升。

最新的成品油价格形成机制,是同时设置调控上下限,上限为每桶130美元,下限为每桶40美元,高于上限时,汽、柴油最高零售价不提或少提,低于40美元时,最高零售价不降低,在40-130美元之间时,国内成品油价格在参考新加坡、纽约和鹿特丹三地原油价格10个工作日变化率等基础上,进行适度调整。

这一最新的国内成品油价格形成机制,改善了过去“跟涨不跟跌”的问题,尽可能地提高了价格对国际原油市场的敏感性适应能力。但这一机制依然坚持成本+适度利润的过于刚性的定价模式,难以做到及时跟进国际市场油价的变动,从而导致国内油价的总体水平依然高于国际油价,未能有效改善国内成品油行政垄断定价的格局。

当然,国内成品油定价机制改革,正在向着渐次市场化的路径行进。这首先源自国内石油市场垄断坚冰的破局。去年以来,中国逐渐向民营企业放开了国际原油进口权,截至今年三月底,全国共有18家地方炼油企业陆续获取国际原油进口权,显著改善了地方炼油企业在获取原油方面过度依赖“两桶油”的局面,打破了原油进口权的垄断,为国内石油市场引入了市场竞争,增强了国内成品油的供给多元化格局。

其次,当前国内成品油定价机制增加了油企自主定价的空间,市场化程度也相比过去越来越高。如国家发改委只规定成品油的最高零售价,市场油价的具体适度调整权转给了企业,带有明显的有限市场化的柔性特征。

这些政策和制度的变化为当下的成品油价格战,提供了基础性舞台。

此外,尽管成品油价格战早在今年3月就出现星火燎原之势,但今年5月国家调整相关政策,民营炼油厂丧失成品油出口权,一定程度上助推了国内成品油价格战的激烈程度。

为此,伴随着国内油市垄断坚冰的逐渐打破,成品油价格战的兴起等,国内成品油定价机制的完全市场化,已是万事俱备,只欠东风,一旦捅破这一层窗户纸,迈出这临门一脚,国内成品油定价机制就能真正实现完全市场化。这是以“放管服”为主的行政体制改革所需要的。

这场成品油领域的价格战显示,让市场在成品油市场发挥基础性的资源配置作用,更容易实现资源的优化配置,提高市场效率,降低成品油市场的制度性运行成本;而国内过高的油价更多来自行政式垄断定价所带来的制度性运行成本,若继续沿用行政式价格管控,将延续的是垄断市场高价格,是丧失进取和活力的垄断企业。

正如现代信息技术、通讯技术对国内三大运营商的影响,既有市场化所带来的冲击,更要看到的是市场化的竞争秩序,给国内三大运营商打烙的市场竞争基因,以及对市场的敏感适应能力。我们期待打破垄断的国内能源市场,在击穿成品油行政定价的最后一块坚冰后,如国内三大运营商一样,烙上市场基因,实现真正市场主体资格的凤凰涅槃。

责任编辑:穆启春 CN063
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