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想解散众议院就解散 安倍这么“任性”也行?

2017-09-29 06:52:52   

执政将近5年,日本首相安倍晋三28日第二次宣布解散国会众议院,提前选举。频繁解散众议院可谓日本一道独特的政治风景,但近几次莫名其妙的解散也让日本国内开始反思:不加限制的首相解散权,对日本政治来说真是一件好事吗?

日本宪法中有关解散众议院的规定来自第69条和第7条。其中,第69条规定,如果内阁不信任案在众议院获得通过,需解散众议院重新选举。据《朝日新闻》统计,在战后的23次解散中,只有4次缘于内阁不信任案,而其余19次,都根据第7条开展。

宪法第7条规定的其实是天皇的职责。第7条写道,在内阁的建议和承认下,为了国民福祉,天皇可以颁布法令、召集国会、解散众议院等等。这被解读为内阁实际掌握解散权,由于首相具有对阁僚的任命权,因而解散众议院就成为首相一人的“专权”。

1952年,吉田茂内阁首次依据宪法第7条解散众议院时,在野党高层曾就此提出违宪诉讼。但日本最高法院在1960年以解散众议院是“高度具有政治性的国家行为”为由,既没有判其违宪,也没有判其合乎宪法。

手握解散权这一“法宝”,之后的首相们经常选择对执政党最有利的时机解散众议院举行选举,增加连任把握。安倍近两次解散正是如此,也随之引来不少诟病。

日本东京工业大学政治学教授中岛岳志说:“安倍通过暗示解散众议院这一招,可以压制党内不同意见并牵制在野党。(解散专权)已经成为操控政局的‘装置’。”

据统计,虽然日本众议员任期为4年,但其平均在任时间仅为2年零9个月。前自民党高层说,频繁解散众议院导致议员“满脑子想的都是下次选举的事,心思不在国事上”。

根据共同社本月23日、24日展开的民调,64.3%的受访者反对安倍此时解散众议院,赞成者只有23.7%。此次民调显示,安倍内阁支持率为45%,不支持率为41.3%。

日本东洋学园大学教授朱建荣说:“去年以来,英国、意大利都出现过首相或总理自以为有胜选把握而解散议会或举行修宪公投,结果导致惨败的前例,日本是否会重蹈覆辙有待观察。”

欧洲一些议会制国家已经着手加强对首相解散议会权力的制约。英国与日本政治制度类似,2011年英国通过《议会任期固定法》,规定如果没有议会下院三分之二以上议席赞成,首相将无法解散议会。

朱建荣说,如果自民党在选举中落败,安倍领导能力减弱,那不排除在选举后,执政党内可能会出现限制首相解散权的呼声。(刘秀玲)(新华社专特稿)

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