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欧洲创新公司为何后继乏力

2017-09-22 07:32:50   新华网

近些年来,英国诞生了大量人工智能(AI)初创企业,不过,这些企业最终的结局都差不多:还没等到长大就被收购了。2011年,惠普收购英国软件公司“自治”(Autonomy);2013年,亚马逊收购英国语音搜索引擎开发公司“真知”(True Knowledge);最引人注目的,要属2014年谷歌收购英国“深度思维”(DeepMind)公司,这家公司因开发人工智能程序进行“围棋人机大战”而备受关注。

据统计,2011年至2016年间,被美国公司收购的欧洲人工智能相关公司多达53家,2014年以来,平均每月超过一起,仅谷歌自2012年以来就收购了15家欧洲公司。此外,欧洲研发人才也不断被各国挖走。这不禁使人产生疑问:欧洲创新的“孩子”为什么总是被别人抱走?

人工智能是现阶段创新的最前沿。欧洲人工智能企业长不大,其实在很大程度上反映了欧洲创新中的一个突出难题:出新手易,出巨人难,其主要原因在于投入与政策两个方面。

分析数据不难发现,研发强、市场弱,是欧洲创新的一个特点。在今年年初颁布的财政预算案中,英国政府拨出2.7亿英镑用于支持英国大学和商业机构开展研究和创新,人工智能是重点领域,范围涵盖离岸石油开采、核能、航天等行业的机器人技术,更先进的电动车电池技术以及药物生产技术等。英国在与人工智能技术相关的基础科学方面领先世界,但其创新的着力点侧重于研发,通过投资转化为产品的能力明显偏弱。整体而言,欧洲人工智能初创公司虽多,但2016年获得投资的比例要比美国公司低10个百分点。

从政策上看,扶持小企业、限制大企业,是欧洲创新的又一特点。以英国为例,对小企业的政策扶持力度很大,做创业公司创始人,股票套现时只要交不到10%的税。英国在利用各类机构帮助孵化早期人工智能初创企业方面已形成产业链,如牛津大学ISIS科技创新公司可帮助大学里的创新技术进行孵化,但这些扶持政策仅限于初创企业。出于反垄断目的,欧盟对大企业采取相对不太友好的政策。今年7月,欧盟委员会认定谷歌利用其在网上搜索领域近乎垄断的地位,对谷歌开出巨额罚金。此前,脸书也因收购即时通信工具WhatsApp时向欧盟提供误导性信息被欧盟重罚。相比之下,美国、中国对大企业创新的宽容和扶持,则更有利于科技公司的成长和科技巨头的出现。

总体上看,欧洲拥有创新的实力,各方面条件也很优越,在起跑线上不输给任何人,但如果不更加积极地拥抱风险投资和放松监管,仍有可能在起跑领先后被不断超越。

(姜奇平 作者为中国社科院数量经济与技术经济所信息化与网络经济室主任)

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