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美媒:中国试点“海绵城市计划” 促可持续发展

2017-09-20 07:17:12   中国网

美媒称,亚洲的城市都在竭力消化快速涌入的人口,城市发展正一步步侵占易发水灾的地方。孟买前不久积水成灾,人们认为在一定程度上要归咎于印度对湿地的开发管理不善,无论在印度、尼泊尔还是孟加拉国,匆忙建设的城市区域都在受到内涝积水的威胁。

据美国有线电视新闻网9月18日报道,这不是发展中国家独有的趋势,美国休斯敦的水灾事件凸显出易受环境影响、地势较低的地方存在的开发风险。2012年,北京发生严重积水,导致交通系统瘫痪,2016年武汉、南京和天津的排水系统在暴雨中完全失灵,这些城市遭遇的挑战是一清二楚的。

报道称,地下水抽取过度、水道老化、城市积水高发迫使中国的城市必须破解一个恶性循环,城市不断向外扩张加上使用不渗水的材料使得土壤无法吸收雨水,这又促使城市追加投资修建基础设施,但这通常又会干扰自然处理过程,加剧内涝积水危害。对此,中国制定了“海绵城市计划”,打算通过利用透水材料和环保基础设施打破这个恶性循环。然而,这个计划存在两项挑战:第一,这是一系列错综复杂的工作,需要有效的协调整合,但是地方政府缺乏这方面的专门知识。第二,融资瓶颈。

工程解决方案是盛行的干预方式,但是仅靠管道排水是排不掉城市的内涝积水风险的。为了解决这个问题,中国的海绵城市计划制定了一个雄心勃勃的目标:到2020年,80%的城市区域至少要对70%的雨水实现吸收和回收利用。该计划2015年在16个城市启动,旨在在目标区域通过提高和均匀分布雨水吸收能力来降低雨水径流强度。补充地下水,进而增加各类用途的供水量。这个计划不仅会减少城市积水,而且会加强水供应保障。

报道称,这个计划与北美的低影响开发(LID)理念有相似之处,根据美国环境保护局的介绍,低影响开发是通过模拟自然处理过程保护水质。

临港是上海浦东地区的试点城市,体现了海绵城市的典型建设办法。包括屋顶绿化、建设景观湿地储存雨水、透水铺装等。透水铺装是存储多余的径流水,在需要时通过蒸发来调节温度。临港新城政府的雄心是要成为中国最大的海绵城市项目,到目前为止已经投入1.19亿美元用于改造创新,所产生的成果可能被中国许多城市拿来当作样板,中国的城市大多数没有现代化的水处理设施。

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