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科学家发现控制习惯的“总指挥”神经元

2017-09-16 10:21:49   新华网

新华社北京9月16日电 不管是好习惯还是坏习惯,一旦形成就比较难改变。美国科学家新近发现,大脑中有一种数量很少但非常重要的神经元,对各种习惯的形成起着“总指挥”的作用。

美国杜克大学发布的新闻公报说,该校研究人员发现,关闭这种神经元能消除实验鼠的习惯行为。这一成果有望帮助开发脱瘾或治疗强迫症的新方法。

此前研究发现,习惯行为由大脑深处的背外侧纹状体区域负责。该区域95%的细胞都是向外输出信号的神经元,形成习惯之后,这些神经元对外界信号的反应会发生很大变化。

新研究显示,输出神经元只是任务的执行者,负责指挥的是一种称为“快速放电中间神经元”的细胞。它们在数量上只占少数,但连接着众多输出神经元,形成密集的网络,调节输出神经元的变化。

研究人员训练实验鼠按杠杆获取糖块,一部分实验鼠形成了习惯,即使不再有糖块掉出来,也会继续按杠杆。观察发现,它们脑部的快速放电中间神经元活跃程度较高,用药物抑制这些神经元的活动后,实验鼠按杠杆的习惯就消失了。相关论文发表在新一期美国《电子生命》杂志上。

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