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新研究称面孔辨别能力并非天生

2017-09-08 12:36:50   新华网

新华社北京9月8日电(记者张莹)为什么有的人是“脸盲”而另一些人是“认脸狂”?科学界一直认为,人类和其他灵长类动物的认脸能力是天生的,从出生后大脑就可以进行面孔辨别。但美国一项最新研究得出相反结论,认为灵长类的认脸能力是通过后天反复训练习得的,没有相关训练就不具备这种能力。

美国哈佛大学医学院研究人员在新一期《自然·神经科学》上报告说,为更好理解认脸能力是如何发展的,他们利用猕猴开展实验,将实验猕猴分成两组:对照组猕猴出生后采用正常的抚养方式,跟母亲、其他猕猴及抚养它们的人待在一起;实验组猕猴出生后就跟母亲和同类分离,由戴着面具的人用瓶喂的方式抚养,在出生后第一年从未见过人脸或同类的脸。实验结束时,两组猕猴都被置于社交环境中,可以见到人及同类的面孔。

参与研究的哈佛大学医学院神经生物学教授玛格丽特·利文斯通解释说,猕猴大脑颞上沟中有专门负责面部识别以及手部、物体、场景等其他识别的区块,在出生约200天时即发育完成,包括人类在内的其他灵长类大脑中也有类似区块。

两组猕猴出生200天时,研究人员通过磁共振成像(MRI)设备扫描它们的大脑发现,采用正常方式抚养的对照组猕猴,大脑中负责面孔识别的区块和负责其他识别的区块发育水平相当;而那些出生200天内没见过任何脸孔的实验组猕猴,大脑负责识别的各个区块中独缺面孔识别区块。研究人员接着向两组猕猴展示人和其他灵长类的照片,发现对照组猕猴会盯着照片中的脸部看,而实验组猕猴倾向于看手部。

研究人员表示,新研究揭示了后天的早期训练在大脑感觉和认知能力发展中扮演的重要角色,有助理解“脸盲”症、自闭症等不能进行面孔识别情况的成因。

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