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看马克龙“闯关”劳动法改革

2017-09-08 10:11:56   中国经济网

法国政府日前公布法国劳动法改革法令。这是法国总统马克龙就任后主导的第一次改革“闯关”,不仅关系法国经济面貌的重塑,更对法国政坛有深远影响。

在法国,劳动法改革牵动劳资双方切身利益,一向极度敏感。2016年,法国前总统奥朗德执政时曾发起劳动法改革,但由于操之过急、沟通不足以及政治投机意图明显,引发数十万民众多次走上街头示威游行,成为法国左派政党执政历史上最大的一次社会危机。

而此次改革法令公布后,虽引发一些争议,但反对声远不如此前激烈。最主要的反对势力——各主要工会组织的态度出现分化,比如法国工人力量总工会明确表示,将不参加法国总工会组织的针对劳动法改革的罢工。

支持改革的雇主组织普遍认为,这一改革版本“符合法国的现实需求”,传递了强烈的希望讯息。《费加罗报》《回声报》等主流媒体更是力挺新法令,认为它体现了马克龙“坚定不移改革”的决心。

从争取更多社会共识、推动改革逐步前进的角度看,马克龙主导的劳动法改革无疑已迈出积极的一步,有望避免重蹈前任覆辙。

马克龙今年5月上台后,并未被初次参选总统便获胜的喜悦冲昏头脑,而是吸取前任总统奥朗德启动改革过慢的前车之鉴,迅速布局劳动法改革。在他主导下,法国总理府、法国劳工部多次和各工会、雇主组织就这一改革磋商会谈,甚至在夏季休假季期间依然保持协调。

法国总理府提供的资料显示,为推动劳动法改革,成立仅三个多月的法国新政府和各相关组织的会谈达到100多次。如此充分的前期工作,对于凝聚劳资双方共识、减少改革震荡冲击功不可没。

此次劳动法改革的主旨是放活法国劳动市场,为中小企业用工提供便利。如此改革势必触动劳动者利益,对工会组织来说很难接受。然而,马克龙及法国政府其他官员多次从就业角度反复强调,放活劳动市场才能提高企业竞争力,推动法国经济走出低增长,才能使失业率居高不下的顽疾迎刃而解。

针对人们对于因劳动法改革而产生的“不安全感”,法国政府耐心解释。法国总理爱德华·菲利普8月31日公布法令时一再强调:“最好的保险,就是提高自身能力。”

在法国,改革常常因兼顾各方利益诉求最终变成“微改革”,难以达到预期效果。而此次马克龙主导下的劳动法改革的一大亮点,就是政府公布的版本牢牢坚守住“为中小企业提供便利”的初衷,在考虑工会提议、提高劳工保护标准的同时,没有为争取共识而降低改革成色。

值得一提的是,此次改革目前之所以能保持成色,除了充分协调、加强公关、决心坚定等因素,法国政府的关键一招还在于,今年夏天推动法国议会通过一项“政府规定具备法律效力”的法案,这意味着,法国政府此次颁布的劳动法改革法令在议会审批之前就可生效,大大减少了议会掣肘的可能,明显加快了改革步伐。

劳动法改革是马克龙任期内首个重大改革议题,也被认为是真正考验马克龙执政能力的首战。近期,尽管马克龙的民意支持率骤跌,但从此次改革“闯关”初步见效及其娴熟的“闯关”手法看,断言马克龙丧失民心言之过早。

实际上,马克龙近期民调表现不佳具有较强的周期性,是近20年来历届法国总统都曾遭遇的普遍现象。劳动法改革法令公布后,最新民调显示,马克龙支持者中,对新规的支持率达到八成以上。这在相当程度上说明,马克龙执政的基本盘依然稳固。(韩冰)

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