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大脑“后勤”细胞也参与指挥神经元发育

2017-09-03 13:00:50   新华网

新华社北京9月3日电  美国最新一期《科学》杂志刊载的报告显示,一向被视为大脑“后勤部队”的神经胶质细胞也参与指挥神经元发育,精确控制着神经元的生长位置和分化方向等。

神经元是生物感知外界信号、做出行动乃至产生思想的基础,神经胶质细胞则是神经元之间的填充物,在大脑中占据大部分空间。长久以来,人们认为神经胶质细胞是大脑的“后勤部队”,为神经元提供物理支撑,并清理垃圾、修补损伤等。但新发现表明,神经胶质细胞远不只有这些功能。

美国纽约大学的研究人员在《科学》杂志上报告说,他们观察果蝇视觉系统时发现,有一批神经胶质细胞负责协调视网膜神经元与大脑视觉中枢神经元的发育。

视网膜上特定位置的感光细胞,在大脑视觉中枢特定位置有对应的神经元,两者形成神经回路。由于感光细胞和神经元相距较远,发育过程必须经过精确协调,才能正确建立神经回路,形成健全的视觉系统。研究发现,感光细胞会分泌特定的生长因子,经过神经胶质细胞的“中继”,使大脑目标区域里的细胞分化和发育成相应神经元。

研究人员说,这个意外发现意味着研究大脑发育时必须改变以神经元为中心的固有观念。如果不考虑神经胶质细胞,就无法理解与神经元生长有关的一些根本问题。

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