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记者手记:一道要永远铭记的伤疤——访德国达豪集中营纪念馆

2017-09-02 23:50:50   新华网

新华社德国达豪9月2日电 记者手记:一道要永远铭记的伤疤——访德国达豪集中营纪念馆

新华社记者袁帅 张远

“建立达豪集中营纪念馆这样的机构,就是要提醒人们,类似纳粹大屠杀这样的惨剧永远不要再发生。”日前,德国达豪集中营纪念馆馆长加布里勒·汉默曼女士对来访的新华社记者这样说,“‘永不重演’,是集中营幸存者希望传达的信息。”

达豪集中营位于德国慕尼黑西北约20公里处,于纳粹党上台的1933年从一座停用的弹药厂改建而来,是德国纳粹政府兴建的第一座集中营。直至1945年4月被美军解放时,共有来自40个国家的逾20万人被关押在达豪及周边附属集中营中。其中有至少4.15万人在关押期间因饥饿、疾病或遭虐待、处决而死亡。

1965年起,营区和火化场原址被改造为纪念馆,保留并展出大量原有建筑和历史遗物,用充分的细节来展示和铭记这里发生的惨剧,以记录纳粹罪证并供后人研究。如今,这里每年会接待来自世界各地的约100万参观者。

纪念馆入口处的石碑上,醒目地写着一句话:“达豪——这个名字的意义在德国历史上永远不能抹去。”纪念馆里,记者看到许多由学校组织前来参观的青少年、以“给后代的证据”为主题的特展和“对未来的警示”等标语。

当记者问到战后成长起来的德国人是否还应对纳粹罪行怀有负罪感时,汉默曼回答说,年轻人没有罪责,但是应该对未来有责任感。这也正是德国许多学校都会组织学生来达豪参观、并将其作为课程的一部分的原因。

日前刚刚携子参观过达豪集中营的美国律师张军告诉记者,他十分认同一名幸存者的话——“青年一代无需对过去负责,但他们需要对未来负责”。他还引述哲人桑塔亚纳的话说,“忘记历史的人注定会重蹈覆辙”。

然而,在当今世界,仍有一些人用似是而非的言论为法西斯罪行辩白,甚至更有人直接鼓吹种族主义等纳粹理念。

在纪念馆的信息中心,一名在纪念馆任职多年的工作人员告诉记者,在德国生活着许多日本人,但相比其他国家的人,很少有日本人来。

一直以来,人们在对比中发现,日本和德国这两个民族对二战中战争罪责的反思态度存在很大差异,随着时间推移,这一差异也越来越大。

在谈到这一对比时,汉默曼和纪念馆教育部负责人吕特根思先后向记者介绍说,德国社会最初对纳粹的罪行也是选择回避和遗忘,正是一次次对战犯的审判,并将审判结果公之于众震惊了德国人,使人们的态度逐渐发生转变。

有资料显示,自二战结束以来,盟军及德国政府先后发起数百次对纳粹分子的审判。无论何时,只要有充分证据,德国政府都会对当事人追查到底。就在今年8月2日,德国汉诺威检方刚刚驳回一名现年96岁的前纳粹党卫军成员的缓刑申请,逃脱了逾七十年的罪人仍要入狱服刑。

正是这一次次审判让德国民众受到教育,认识到严惩法西斯的必要性。

值得一提的是,在推动德国社会开展反思的进程中,由幸存者及他们的后代成立的各种组织也发挥着积极作用。早在1955年,达豪集中营幸存者就成立了国际达豪委员会,多年来一直推动着收集纳粹罪证、保存历史遗迹、兴建纪念馆以及开展教育等各项工作。

2015年5月3日,德国总理默克尔在达豪集中营解放70周年纪念仪式上说:“为了那些纳粹受害者,为了我们,也为了下一代,我们绝不能忘记过去。”

就是秉承着这样的态度,一道德国历史上的伤疤被自己人揭开,暴露在世人目光之下,接受一代代后来人的审视。

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