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大选临近 德国入托难问题再度成为焦点

2017-09-01 14:00:54   央广网

央广网北京9月1日消息 据中国之声《全球华语广播网》报道,随着德国大选的临近,教育包括幼儿教育自然又成为了一个绕不开的话题,入托难问题也再度成为社会关注的一个焦点,各种相关的讨论也纷至沓来。

《全球华语广播网》德国观察员薛成俊介绍,老龄化和生育率偏低在德国一直都是个令各届政府头痛的社会问题,尤其是近二十年来越发突出,已经开始给德国经济带来负面影响。德国政府不得不出台各种政策弥补劳动力不足的问题,如推出“蓝卡”引进高素质人才。而从长远来看主要还是修改现行措施,提高德国的生育率,如推出了可长达一年的育儿假以及为孩子的入托提供更多的便利等等。

据德国媒体报道,幼儿托管设施的不足,依然是德国人缺乏生育积极性的主要原因之一。目前在这一问题上民众的主要诉求是增建幼儿托管设施和取消入托收费。不仅仅要增加幼儿园的数量,同时也要加强师资力量。2012年平均一名幼儿园老师要看护9.8个孩子,现在是9.2个,略有改善,但是仍然远远不够。德国的公立学校从小学到大学都是免费的,但是托儿所、幼儿园是要根据父母的收入收取费用的,这对一些家庭来说也是一个不小的经济负担。当然,为了讨好选民,各路政治势力都会竞相开出很多令人激动的“支票”,不过届时能否真的兑现就是另一码事了。

不愿结婚、不想生育在德国已经成为一种普遍现象,除了工作压力以及经济上的考虑之外,孩子的养育成本也是主要因素。虽然国家给予每个儿童每月194欧元的补助金,但是对有孩子的家庭来说是杯水车薪,德国贫困儿童的数量依然很大。德国一直存在入托难的问题,过去在德国孩子只有满三周岁后才可以进幼儿园,所以说很多父母不得不有一方专门在家里照看孩子,从而给自己的职业生涯带来了很大的不确定性,使得他们在生儿育女上有太多的顾虑。

为了解决这些问题,德国对相关法律进行了修改,从2013年八月开始,孩子满一周岁即有入托的权利。从2007年起联邦政府先后出台了四套加大幼儿托管设施建设的方案,设立了数亿欧元的专项建设资金。不过并没有取得预期的效果,虽然德国的生育率略有回升,甚至经历了一个小小的生育高峰,但是明显的后劲不足,孩子入托依然是一个老大难问题。以2016年为例,德国三岁以下儿童的入托率只有33%左右,而托儿所的实际容纳量为40%,也就是说理论上可以让十分之四的三岁以下儿童进入托儿所。由于大量难民的涌入,为了配合德国政府的难民政策,不得不采取难民儿童优先的措施,因为融入必须要从娃娃抓起,这也是德国融入政策的核心措施和工作重点之一,让这些外来难民和移民儿童从小说德语,学习德国文化,将来必然会更容易的融入德国社会。所以说,外来儿童在一定程度上加重了德国幼儿托管设施不足的问题。而各地方政府对于增加此类设施建设又普遍持消极的态度,虽然有联邦政府的专项建设资金,想要获得这些款项,地方政府必须垫付46%的分摊款,这对很多已经因安置难民使得财政捉襟见肘的地方政府来说,显然是桩亏本的买卖,起码是无利可图。对一些政界人士来说,解决好难民问题比解决好幼儿入托问题更有政治价值。

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