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法国决心向德国看齐

2017-08-29 06:26:03   中国青年网

法国当前的公共财政支出状况难以持续。相较德国,法国在就业政策、养老金、医疗补贴及住房补贴方面仍存较大差距。法国政府近期推行的一系列政策已显示出在经济领域改革的坚定决心,未来如何保证改革措施的有效落实与协调至关重要。

7月份,法国政府启动了大规模公共财政支出减赤计划。法国总理菲利普表示:“法国近年迷上了扩大公共财政开支,但这并不能解决问题,我们需要有效缩减法国公共财政开支,控制债务水平。”法国政府的坚决态度与反对者的激烈争辩再次使法国的政府债务问题成为各方关注的焦点。近期,法国央行就法公共财政支出状况与欧盟“火车头”的德国作了比较,认为法德两国在公共财政支出方面仍存较大差距,法国在未来财政改革方面的任务依然艰巨。

作为法国总统马克龙5年任期的主要改革事项,法国公共财政赤字的GDP占比能否在2022年前降至3%以下,一直是各方关注的焦点,也是马克龙改革计划成功与否的重要指标。当前,法国仍是欧盟成员国中公共财政支出较高的国家之一。据统计,2015年法国公共财政支出占GDP的比例为57%,远高于德国同期的44%。法国经济学家对法德间存在13个百分点的差距深表担忧。

近期,法国央行对2002年至2015年的法德公共财政支出作了对比性调研分析。结果显示:一方面,从2002年到2015年间,德国面临不利的经济形势,民众收入增长有所放缓,但公共消费动力依然强劲,同期法国的GDP动态增长活力明显不足,这也导致其公共财政支出占比基数增长幅度弱于德国,进而加大了两国公共财政支出占比的差距;另一方面,按行业划分,法国在卫生、教育及国防领域的公共财政支出始终处于高位,进一步拉大了差距。另外,法德间对税收抵免的计算方式也存在差异,在法国,税收抵免部分被计入公共财政开支范畴。

今年7月份,菲利普在国会演讲中明确指出,法国当前的公共财政支出状况难以持续。法国政府未来的目标是努力在2017年将财政赤字水平降到欧盟规定数值(GDP的3%)以下。马克龙也曾表示,计划到2022年削减600亿欧元公共支出,使公共支出占法国GDP的比重下降到52%,并计划减少12万个国家公务员职位及三分之一的国会议员。

对此,有法国经济学家表示,近期法国政府推出的一系列措施都显示出法国在减赤方面的决心。一方面,法国希望与德国重启法德轴心,高效领导欧盟推行改革。马克龙上台后,通过独立自主的外交风格与独特的个人魅力,在国际舞台上颇受好评,但法国不能成为政治上的“巨人”、经济上的“矮子”。因此,法国必须向德国看齐,重塑法国强劲的经济内核;另一方面,要想赢得欧盟伙伴德国的信任,法国必须兑现自己的诺言,有效控制公共财政支出,削减预算赤字,为成功说服德国支持法国提出的欧盟改革计划增加筹码。

通过与德国的对比,法国在就业政策、养老金、医疗补贴及住房补贴方面仍存较大差距,特别是法国劳动市场改革面临两大挑战:一是坚定推行劳动法案改革,有效降低法国结构性失业人数;二是在不损害劳动力市场活力及帮扶效果的前提下,科学削减支出。法经济学家评论称:“近期,法政府推行的一系列政策已显示出在经济领域改革的坚定决心,未来如何保证改革措施的有效落实与协调至关重要。各利益诉求方形成改革合力将持续考验马克龙政府的执政智慧,这也是决定法国未来能否与德国‘比肩’的重要条件。”

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