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美国批准首个基因疗法 癌症治疗迎来新篇章

2017-08-31 12:35:51   新华网

新华社华盛顿8月30日电(记者林小春)美国政府30日批准一种基于改造患者自身免疫细胞的疗法治疗白血病,这是第一种在美国获得批准的基因疗法。专家认为,这开辟了癌症治疗的新篇章。

美国食品和药物管理局当天发表声明说,瑞士诺华公司的新疗法已获得批准,用于治疗25岁以下的复发难治型B细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病患者。这是一个“历史性动作”,将“迎来治疗癌症和其他危及生命的重病的新方式”。

新疗法是近年来发展迅速的一种嵌合抗原受体T细胞(CAR-T)疗法,它先从患者自身采集在免疫反应中发挥重要作用的T细胞,然后重新“编程”,所得T细胞含有嵌合抗原受体,能识别并攻击癌变细胞,因此可重新注入患者体内用于治疗。

一项涉及63名患者的临床试验结果显示,83%的患者在接受新方法治疗3个月后,病情得到缓解。患者接受治疗1年后的复发率为64%,存活率为79%。

美药管局局长斯科特·戈特利布评价说:“有能力重编程病人自身细胞,用它攻击致死性癌症,意味着我们正在进入医学创新的新疆域。诸如基因疗法和细胞疗法这样的新技术拥有变革医学的潜力,成为治疗乃至治愈许多棘手疾病的转折点。”

B细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病是一种难以治疗和容易复发的白血病类型,过去的治疗方案较为有限,儿童和青少年患者5年无复发存活率仅为10%至30%。

诺华公司表示,新疗法是一次性治疗,定价为47.5万美元,但如果第一个月见不到效果将不用患者付费。相比之下,白血病常用疗法骨髓移植在美国第一年的收费介于54万至80万美元之间。诺华公司还计划今年在美国和欧洲申请利用该方法治疗成人B细胞淋巴瘤,明年在美国和欧洲外的地区申请该疗法上市。

CAR-T疗法先驱之一、美国宾夕法尼亚大学教授卡尔·琼说,批准新疗法上市是个人化癌症疗法向前迈出的“巨大一步”。下一步他们将与诺华继续合作,推动用这一疗法治疗其他类型的癌症。

目前除诺华外,美国风筝制药公司与朱诺治疗公司也在研发CAR-T产品。但今年早些时候,因临床试验中数名患者脑水肿死亡事件,朱诺治疗公司正式终止了针对成年人复发难治型B细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病的基因疗法临床试验。

美国血液学学会主席肯尼思·安德森在一份声明中说,这一批准“标志着血癌治疗范式的重要转变”,但目前它只被批准用于治疗少数年轻患者,重要性不宜夸大。总体而言,CAR-T疗法尚需更多研究,确保它能有效治疗更广泛的人群,并减少副作用。

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