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美国严堵委内瑞拉融资 新一轮制裁加剧委经济困境

2017-08-28 04:40:43   中国青年网

原标题:美国严堵委内瑞拉融资 新一轮制裁加剧委内瑞拉经济困境

美国总统特朗普近日签署行政令,禁止美国金融机构参与委内瑞拉政府和委内瑞拉石油公司新的债务和股权交易,禁止美方机构参与委内瑞拉公共部门现已发行的部分债券交易等。此轮制裁是美国就委内瑞拉举行制宪大会选举施加的第四轮制裁。制裁措施令本就陷入困境的委内瑞拉经济更加艰难。

委内瑞拉总统马杜罗表示,新的金融制裁将严重损害正在恢复中的国内经济。他严厉谴责金融制裁并称美方的制裁行为“非法”。委内瑞拉外长阿雷亚萨称,正在研究一系列反制裁措施,并呼吁联合国谴责美方霸权主义行为。

2014年来,委内瑞拉出现经济危机,通胀飙升,食品和药品严重短缺,暴力行为不断,一些委内瑞拉人甚至被迫逃离国家。从2011年至2017年,委内瑞拉的外汇储备逐年下降。今年3月,委内瑞拉央行最新数据显示,该国的外汇储备已经从300亿美元下降到105亿美元,而在2017年剩余的时间里,委内瑞拉还欠有大约72亿美元的未偿债务。

国际货币基金组织预测,今年委内瑞拉经济将萎缩10%,高于此前预期的萎缩8%。今年委内瑞拉通胀率预计会上升1660%,2018年上升至2880%。委内瑞拉经济严重依赖石油出口,前两年油价不振使其经济备受打击,在油价缓慢复苏中,委内瑞拉的原油产量却出现下降,这令其偿还债务的希望变得更为渺茫。野村控股拉美固定收入策略主管Siobhan Morden表示:“如果原油价格一直停滞不前,委内瑞拉外汇储备将降低到零。那么违约倒计时就要开始了。”

在经济不景气的情况下,更让委内瑞拉雪上加霜的是国内动荡的内政。委内瑞拉的政府与反对派之间的冲突愈演愈烈。8月4日委内瑞拉制宪大会正式成立,委内瑞拉政府希望通过重新制定宪法,解除反对派占多数的议会的权力。反对派对此予以抵制,认为其严重违宪。美国财政部7月26日宣布对委内瑞拉13名现任或前政府官员实施经济制裁,并在当月31日宣布对委内瑞拉总统马杜罗实施制裁。美方还称,任何当选委制宪大会代表的个人都可能成为美国制裁的对象。

在委内瑞拉经济面临严重问题的情况下,美国的经济制裁无疑加大了委内瑞拉经济复苏的难度。负债较重的委内瑞拉政府和委内瑞拉石油公司今后将无法在国际公开市场中发行新债券来减轻旧债务的偿还压力,这将加剧政府现有债务的违约可能性。

委内瑞拉国有石油公司欠下的35亿美元债务将在今年10月至11月到期,但是这家公司根本无力偿还债务。同时,美国的新制裁一定程度上可以影响委内瑞拉国内局势。外汇短缺将使国内食品和生活必需品的进口量进一步下降,导致民众生活质量下降,对政府不满程度上升。从中长期看,随着美国对委内瑞拉经济、金融制裁不断加码,负面效应将逐步显现,马杜罗政府在管理经济和维持财政收支平衡上将面临严峻挑战。

美国的连续制裁措施和武力威胁引发了委内瑞拉政府的强烈不满。委内瑞拉26日起举行为期两天的大型军民联合演习,以回应特朗普近期关于不排除对委内瑞拉动武的言论。马杜罗当天说,多名反对党领导人曾多次前往美国与美政府官员会晤,要求美国对委内瑞拉实施经济制裁和军事干预,他已要求最高法院和制宪大会对他们的“叛国行为”诉诸司法。古巴数百民众25日也在首都哈瓦那举行游行,抗议美国总统特朗普对委内瑞拉的军事威胁。

事实上,美国对委内瑞拉经济制裁并不利己。根据委内瑞拉政府公布的数据,62%的委内瑞拉债券持有者是美国投资机构和个人,美方制裁行为实际上也伤害了自身利益。美方目前还没有宣布停止从委内瑞拉进口石油。委内瑞拉目前每天对美国出口约80万桶石油,是美国第四大石油供应国。美国南部多数炼油厂专门加工从委内瑞拉进口的含硫量较高的重油。当地舆论认为,虽然不排除美国在未来将减少或停止进口委内瑞拉石油作为进一步制裁手段,但由于两国近几十年来经济关系紧密,制裁很可能是“伤敌一千自损八百”。

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