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智库:日本借所谓“中国威胁”改革军事体制编制(图)

2017-08-25 11:51:30   中国青年网

人民网北京8月25日电 (杨铁虎、王晖)25日上午,中国战略文化促进会在京发布的民间版《2016年日本军力评估报告》指出,2016年,日本继续推进军事体制改革,同时以应对“地区安全威胁”为名,调整相关部队编制,强化前沿部署。其根本目标在于具体落实安倍政权的强军计划,以防范所谓“中国威胁”为出发点,通过体制改革与编制调整,全面提升军事决策能力、快速反应能力与直接干预能力,强化总体上的军事行动能力和战略威慑力。

报告称,2016年,日本体制编制改革的主要进展包括以下四点:

一是继续提升职业军人在安全防卫体制中的地位。根据2015年《防卫省设置修订法》的规定,日本防卫省2016年3月宣布,已将关于制定自卫队最高级别作战计划部分权限由内局移交给统合幕僚监部。目前的体制是,由防卫省内局(文官局)确定基本方针后,由统合幕僚监部制定具体作战计划,并向防卫大臣直接请求批准(此前则必须由防卫省内局向防卫大臣请求批准),由此确定了自卫队统合幕僚监部与防卫省在决策中的对等地位,且“制服组”即职业军人在军事行动决策上拥有了更多自主权。自卫队还在积极要求权力,计划在将来全盘掌握作战计划权限。这也意味着日本“专守防卫”体制下“文官控制”的基本原则将可能进一步被架空。

二是改革武器装备研发、采购和管理制度。2015年10月,防卫省正式成立防卫装备厅。在此基础上,日本进一步推进装备采购改革,扩大装备采购合同招标范围,推动民间企业和研究机构参与武器装备研发与生产,以军民两用技术发展和武器装备海外出口为推手,推动军工企业转型改革,降低采购成本,提高研发生产效率。为促进装备技术研究,日本防卫省在2015年启动了“安全保障技术研究推进制度”,对大学、研究机构有关武器装备的创新性技术研究提供资助,2016年项目资助额较2015年扩大一倍,从3亿日元上升到6亿日元。按照防卫省预算计划,2017年该项目总资助额可能最高达到110亿日元 。

三是调整部队编制与部署。为应对所谓“中国威胁”,加强西南方向的军事力量,日本加速一线部队的编制部署调整。陆上力量方面,2017年3月“水陆机动团”教育队成立,按照计划,3000人规模的“水陆机动团”(即两栖作战旅)将于2018年3月底正式建立,同时斥巨资在九州和冲绳离岛部署“西南警备部队”。海上力量方面,2016年7月,海上自卫队对扫雷舰队实施大改编,原直属护卫舰队司令部的第1运输队被编入扫雷舰队,废除原第51扫雷艇队,整编第1扫雷艇队,新增第3扫雷艇队,改编的目的是确保扫雷舰队能够在两栖登陆作战中担任支援任务,从而在将来可能的“岛屿作战”中发挥更大作用。空中力量方面,2016年1月底,驻冲绳的204飞行队和从筑城基地调来的304飞行队正式合并,新编为第9航空团,使得驻防冲绳的F-15战机翻倍至约40架,部队人数由300人大幅增加到约1500人。以同型号战斗机部队同基地部署为原则,航空自卫队还对第3、5、7、8航空团的飞行队部署进行了大范围调整。

四是扩大自卫队员招募力度,强化预备自卫官体制。基于日本“少子老龄化”日益严重,潜在兵源不足的背景,日本政府增加预算,加大自卫队员招募力度。在学校和社会上开展各种形式的征兵宣传,开放网上自卫队员招聘系统,吸引并方便日本年轻人报名参军。同时,改革人事制度,提高女性自卫队员地位和待遇,确保自卫队能够吸引更多优秀社会人才。此外,日本更加重视作为后备国防力量的预备自卫官制度,防卫省通过申请增加预算,提高预备自卫官待遇,鼓励专业技术人员应征成为预备自卫官,或延长预备自卫官服役时间,并寻求设立新的专项经费,为协助招募的企业和民间组织提供资金支持。

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