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科普:人体微生物组多样性远超人们认知

2017-08-23 21:46:25   新华网

新华社旧金山8月23日电(记者马丹)美国斯坦福大学等机构的研究人员在新一期《国家科学院学报》上报告说,人体内存在大量不同的微生物,它们构成的微生物组多样性远远超过人们原有的认识,其中绝大多数微生物人们以前从未发现,更谈不上分类和命名。

美国斯坦福大学等机构的研究人员收集了1000多名器官移植患者的血液样本,分析他们是否会出现排异反应。患者血样中不仅包含患者的DNA(脱氧核糖核酸)片段,还包含器官供体的DNA片段,以及构成人体微生物组的各种细菌、病毒和其他微生物的DNA片段。

在这一过程中研究人员发现,在血样中的所有非人类DNA片段中,99%不能与现有基因数据库中的任何基因配对。他们于是通过基因测序等方法进一步研究了这部分DNA的特点,结果发现了大量全新的细菌和病毒,它们是人体微生物组中以前未被发现的成员。

绝大部分新发现的细菌属于一种变形菌门,变形菌门包括大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌等病原菌和其他许多细菌。新发现最多的一类病毒属于输血传播病毒家族。输血传播病毒是一种DNA病毒,一般不会致病,但大量存在于免疫系统受损的患者体内。

研究人员说,新研究使输血传播病毒家族中已知病毒的数量增长了一倍。已知的输血传播病毒有感染人和感染动物两类,而新发现的输血传播病毒并不符合这两类特点,属于全新的一类。

研究报告通讯作者、斯坦福大学生物工程学和应用物理学教授斯蒂芬·夸克认为,人体微生物组的多样性远远超过人们以前的认识,这个研究发现令人意外但并不奇怪。科学界对微生物组的研究过于偏重皮肤、肠道等人体局部的微生物,而忽视对人体更大范围的关注。血液样本可以反映人体每个部位的情况。正是通过对血样的研究,才使研究人员得以认识到人体微生物组丰富的多样性。

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