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美国不从“帝国坟墓”撤军 新动作意味什么?

2017-08-23 01:05:32   中国青年网

北京时间2017年8月22日上午9时,特朗普做了一次最新的电视讲话。主题出人意料:“美国不会接受从阿富汗撤军”。他同时呼吁,印度和巴基斯坦应该在解决阿富汗问题上“多出力”。

发表讲话的地点也很有意思,就在刚刚发生骚乱的弗吉尼亚州。

这就很有看点了。要知道,虽然特朗普一向反对奥巴马的许多政策,但他在竞选时也并不支持向阿富汗和伊拉克增兵,因为别国安全事务“不应该由美国买单”,美国国内还有很多事情要做。那么,是什么让特朗普有了这样的突然转变?在阿富汗这座“帝国的坟墓”,美国又准备搞点什么新动作出来?

坟墓

说实话,对于阿富汗,普通人除了知道有塔利班,打过仗,比较乱,可能还真就没有什么别的直观认识了——而对特朗普要说服的美国人民来说,唯一的直观印象大概就是,美军已经在这里打了16年的仗,史上最长,没有之一。

这里是“帝国的坟墓”。位于中亚、南亚和西亚的结合部的阿富汗,战略位置极其重要。历史上,沙皇俄国、印度莫卧儿王朝、大英帝国,都曾染指这一地区。著名的“大博弈”(The Great Game)一词,就是源于沙俄与大英帝国自19世纪中期至20世纪初、以阿富汗为中心展开的战略竞争,博弈的主要目的则是争夺中亚控制权。

之后,阿富汗三次抗击英国侵略,终获独立;之后1979年苏联入侵阿富汗,这场战争持续近10年,消耗了苏联大量国力,成为苏联在撤军两年后解体的原因之一;同时,在反苏期间,一个群体悄然诞生——“圣战者”。

圣战者是谁培养、用来反对苏联的?不用多说。战争结束后,在没有外国侵略者的情况下,阿富汗战乱仍频、民不聊生,这直接导致了“塔利班”的诞生,随后,塔利班以摧枯拉朽之势占领了阿大部分国土,建立了“阿富汗伊斯兰酋长国”。这一事件鼓舞了伊斯兰世界中的原教旨主义分子,“基地”组织也在这一过程中逐渐强势,宗教极端主义在世界各地发展壮大。

苏联撤军

之后的故事我们就熟悉一些了。塔利班包庇“基地”领导人本?拉登的做法,直接诱使美国于2001年10月7日出兵阿富汗,进行名为“持久自由”反恐战争,美国正式成为阿富汗问题的一方;2014年底,北约国际安全援助部队(ISAF)结束了在阿富汗境内的战斗任务,并撤出主要部队,同时保留1.3万名驻军,于2015年1月1日起进行北约“坚定支持”任务,主要培训阿富汗国家安全力量、提供咨询和协助。

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