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霍金可能有救了!美国发现渐冻人症基本病理

2017-08-18 00:52:40   中国青年网

美国研究人员8月16日在《神经元》杂志上发表论文称,他们发现了肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)的基本病理:一种名为TIA1的蛋白突变,会影响蛋白的相变行为,造成控制肌肉的神经元死亡,进而导致ALS。研究人员称,这一发现或将为开发ALS的有效疗法开辟新途径。

ALS俗称“渐冻人症”,是一种运动神经元疾病,患病者会出现肌肉无力、挛缩、肌束颤动及萎缩等症状。英国科学家史蒂芬?霍金就是一名ALS患者。目前这种疾病还无法治愈,多数患者会在病后3至5年内死亡;而且,部分ALS患者会患上额颞叶痴呆(FTD),出现人格改变、行为异常等症状。

此次,圣裘德儿童研究医院和梅奥诊所研究人员领导的研究小组,在分析受ALS/FTD影响的一家人的基因组时,探查到该致病突变。他们的研究发现,这种突变会导致与细胞相分离过程有关的TIA1蛋白异常。相分离是细胞正常发挥功能所依赖的一种机制,细胞内蛋白会通过相分离机制组装成有序的组合体——一种对细胞功能的实现至关重要的无膜细胞器,而TIA1突变会影响蛋白与其他蛋白结合的能力,破坏蛋白相变的平衡,造成细胞器内的TIA1突变蛋白不断增多、聚集,进而杀死控制肌肉的神经元。该研究小组的进一步研究表明,在ALS患者中,TIA1突变会频繁发生;而携带这种突变基因的人也会患上ALS。

论文通讯作者、圣裘德儿童研究医院的保罗?泰勒指出,这是科学家首次找到此类ALS致病突变,该突变改变了蛋白的相变行为,进而改变了细胞的生物学特性,这一发现为科学家未来研发出第一种ALS有效疗法指明了方向:通过恢复患者体内细胞相分离的平衡,或可防止神经损伤。

泰勒还指出,同样的相变病理也可能适用于包括阿尔茨海默氏病在内的其他神经退行性疾病,而他们也正寻求运用相同方法研究阿尔茨海默氏病。

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