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综述:俄罗斯研发第五代战机的漫漫长路

2017-08-14 15:18:31   新华网

新华社北京8月14日电 综述:俄罗斯研发第五代战机的漫漫长路

新华社记者刘莉莉 赵嫣

现代战争中,围绕制空权的争夺变得越来越激烈,而作为夺取制空权主力的战斗机在一体化联合作战体系中更是扮演着重要角色。最近,第五代战斗机家族多了一名新成员。俄罗斯空天军总司令邦达列夫11日说,正在测试的俄罗斯第五代战斗机正式命名为苏-57。

这意味着,曾经在试验阶段被称为T-50的俄第五代战斗机,如新生婴儿一般有了自己的名字,并且将在今年12月结束第一阶段测试,计划于2019年开始小批量生产。

苏-57是俄罗斯苏霍伊公司研制的多功能重型战机,于2010年首飞,具有超音速巡航、高度隐形、超高机动性等特点。

美国是最早测试和装备第五代战斗机的国家。早在上世纪70年代,美国就提出了研发五代机的计划。1997年,绰号“猛禽”的F-22战斗机横空出世,并于2005年正式服役,其超音速巡航、超视距作战、高机动性和高隐形能力一度令其他国家空军望尘莫及。

2010年1月,苏-57的试飞打破了美国在隐形战机领域的垄断。

实际上,苏-57并非俄罗斯研制的第一款五代机,前苏联以及俄罗斯研制五代机经过了漫漫长路。上世纪80年代,苏联开展新一代战斗机的研制计划,随后米高扬设计局开始研发第一种瞄准第五代战斗机的验证机米格-1.44型。

虽然从外表来看并不明显,但苏联声称该机采用了部分隐身设计。遗憾的是,苏联解体后,米高扬设计局财力严重不足,米格-1.44战斗机在2000年匆匆首飞后就淡出了公众的视野。

苏联第二种瞄准第五代战斗机技术的验证机是苏-47“金雕”战斗机,该机曾凭借“俊朗”的外表获得了大量“粉丝”,其最大特点是采用了“前掠翼+隐形鸭翼”的设计,同时还采用了非对称尾翼设计,这在当今航空器设计上是相当罕见的。然而,“金雕”的隐身设计仅限于倾斜垂尾、隐身涂料和S形进气道,其性能与F-22等国际公认的第五代战机难以相提并论。

虽然连遭失败,但米格-1.44和“金雕”还是为俄罗斯最终研制出五代机奠定了基础,但即使是苏-57在研发过程中,也因外界对其能力的质疑,一度面临夭折的命运,最终研发成功实属不易。

资深军事评论员张浩指出,T-50战斗机从一张设计图变成了即将服役的苏-57,终于为俄罗斯长达数十年的五代机之梦画上了圆满句号,它将在一定程度上承载俄罗斯空天军赶超世界一流水平的重任。

有分析认为,能源和军火是俄罗斯的重要经济支柱,而随着国际油价的走低,军火出口对俄罗斯来说显得更为重要。据斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所今年2月发布的数据,美国是世界最大武器出口国,占全球武器出口总量的33%;俄罗斯是第二大武器出口国,份额为23%。

资深军事评论员马尧认为,苏-57的正式命名,也有利于巩固俄罗斯在世界军火市场上的地位。作为政治属性极强的贸易,军火交易显然不止赚钱那么简单。有报道称,俄罗斯已经和印度在协商转让第五代战斗机技术的问题,如果成功,这将有利于俄罗斯提高世界军火市场的份额,而苏-57的正式命名无疑对此有利。

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