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世界首批对器官移植无“毒”活猪诞生

2017-08-11 13:24:27   新华网

新华社华盛顿8月10日电(记者林小春)美国、中国和丹麦研究人员10日宣布,他们培育出世界上首批对器官移植而言无“毒”的活猪,成功解决猪器官用于人体移植最重要的安全性问题,为全世界需要器官移植的上百万病人带来希望。

以美国eGenesis公司为首的研究团队当天在美国学术期刊《科学》上发表了论文,参与研究的还包括哈佛大学医学院、中国云南农业大学和丹麦奥胡斯大学等机构。

“我们的工作从根本上解决了异种器官移植中异种病毒传播的风险问题,”eGenesis联合创始人和首席科学执行官杨璐菡对新华社记者说,“这批猪是奠基性的一批猪种,将来异种移植有望被安全地应用到临床上。”

据不完全统计,全世界大概有200万人需要器官移植,但是器官捐献的数量远低于需求。猪器官因为大小和功能与人类器官类似,被认为可能适合移植。

上世纪90年代,科学家曾尝试异种器官移植,但试验发现,猪器官在人体内不仅存在免疫排斥问题,还可能存在“毒”性,因为猪基因组里含有内源性逆转录病毒。最终世界卫生组织和美国政府都明令,在找到解决办法之前,停止一切异种器官移植的临床试验,异种器官移植行业多年停滞发展。

2015年,时为哈佛大学博士后的杨璐菡等人借助基因编辑工具CRISPR成功敲除猪基因组中所有可能有害的病毒基因,首次在体外突破这个重大难关。

在最新研究中,杨璐菡等人结合使用CRISPR工具和小分子药物,成功修改了猪原代纤维细胞基因组中25个基因位点。然后,像培育世界第一只体细胞克隆动物“多利”羊那样,研究人员通过细胞核移植操作,利用修改好的猪纤维细胞制造出猪胚胎,并植入母猪体内,最终诞生出世界首批内源性逆转录病毒被灭活的猪。

“至少在它们4个月大的阶段,我们没有观测到修改的小猪和正常小猪有生理上的区别,”杨璐菡说,“我们将在这批猪种的基础上继续改造基因组以解决免疫排斥问题,争取早日实现异种器官移植临床应用,拯救千千万万等待器官移植的病人。”

英国肯特大学教授达伦·格里芬评价说,这项工作是异种器官移植朝着成为现实迈出的“重大一步”。但他也提醒说,这方面还有包括伦理问题的许多变数需要解决。

英国剑桥大学的伊恩·麦康奈尔教授也评价说,这是“充满希望的第一步”,但异种器官移植的发展仍需拭目以待,因为即便解决了异种病毒传播的问题,还得克服猪器官在人体中的免疫排斥和生理不兼容等重重障碍。

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