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英媒:信贷危机的教训

2017-08-09 15:22:25   新华网

英国金融时报网9日报道称,信贷危机爆发10年后的两大问题是,全球金融体系现在能够胜任它的使命吗?发达经济体现在是否容易再次发生同等程度的危机?

标志着历史上最严重金融危机开始的信贷危机爆发已有10年,两个重要问题出现了。经过了大量补救工作之后,全球金融体系现在能够胜任它的使命吗?发达经济体现在是否容易再次发生同等程度的危机?

随着美国和英国经济表现出持续(尽管并不令人兴奋)的增长,同时欧元区终于出现同步好转,银行似乎不再拖累复苏。美联储在最近的货币政策报告中表示,美国金融体系的脆弱性依然不太严重。欧洲和日本的央行官员们也附和这一点。然而,基本面没有那么简单。

众所周知,美国银行体系的脆弱性低于欧洲银行体系,这是因为美国政策制定者汲取了早先日本兴衰的教训。其中一些教训是:在危机后及时确认损失很重要,要进行严格的压力测试,有必要在仔细研判的情况下加强银行资产负债表,同时保持流向实体经济的信贷流。

相比之下,在欧元区,政策制定者不愿直面主权债务危机的挑战。压力测试没有压力,银行相对美国来说依然资本不足。南欧受到不良贷款的困扰。整个欧元区的银行大量持有本国政府的债务。

这突显出人们的一个重要感觉,即银行体系并不能胜任使命。尽管危机后略作调整,但巴塞尔风险加权资本充足制度仍存在根本的缺陷。主权债务被过于优待,因此欧元区银行的资产负债表上充斥着负债累累的政府的债务。同样,说英语国家的问题是对抵押贷款过于优待,这鼓励了资产价格泡沫,使得年轻人买不起住房。

至于金融稳定受到的威胁,自2008年美国雷曼兄弟破产以来,监管机构进行了大量改革。改革旨在遏制过度的风险承担,减少对融资批发市场的依赖,并确保破产银行的有序清算。监管机构还出台了宏观审慎政策,如贷款与估值比率上限和逆周期资本要求等。然而,金融体系依然存在弱点。

最大的弱点之一是不对称的货币政策,有“央行的央行”之称的国际清算银行早就指出这一点。自美联储前主席艾伦·格林斯潘2006年结束美联储主席任期以来,各央行出现了在经济低迷期间激进宽松、经济繁荣时却不收紧的倾向。这导致了利率的向下偏差和债务的向上偏差。在主要国家当中,政府债务自危机以来螺旋式上升,但值得注意的是德国例外。

以如今极低的利率(得益于央行的量化宽松政策)来看,这似乎是可控的。然而,这也是一种债务陷阱,除非债券市场崩溃,否则可能很难逃脱,而债券市场崩溃将导致政府借债成本上升,同时损害银行资产负债表上资产的价值。

同样有问题的是,规模太大且相互联系太紧密而不能倒闭的银行,自危机以来通过并购规模越来越大。风险不透明而且集中,尤其是在衍生品敞口方面。许多银行因为太大而难以管理。摩根大通被普遍认为是管理最佳的国际银行。但是当一群交易员2012年在一场所谓的“伦敦鲸”丑闻中亏损60亿美元的时候,显然纽约最高管理层绝对不知道发生了什么情况。

政策制定者对这种“大到不能倒”问题的解决办法是银行内部纾困,即让债权人承担使濒临倒闭的银行恢复健康的成本,以此保护纳税人。然而,一些人担心,内部纾困将不足以应付全面的系统性危机,而且协调跨境解决方案也将很难。

即便如此,如今也不太可能爆发10年前开始的那种危机,因为信贷扩张还没有达到泡沫的程度。风险更多在于发生一场非典型的危机:各央行在退出量化宽松时出错,债券市场利率飙升,从而暴露出过度负债的经济体系的脆弱,并促使央行恢复超级宽松的货币政策。

由此导致的损失有多大会落在银行债权人或纳税人身上,是个悬而未决的问题,最终也是个政治问题。

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