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近日,央行通报了多家银行同业账户违规情况,并责令限期整改。这让隐秘寄生于同业账户中的票据中介也被暴晒在阳光下,票据中介通过控制同业账户倒卖票据的方式将面临大清洗。 在监管趋严的大背景下,票据中介还有没有生存空间,迫在眉睫的转型之路又在何处? 从事票据研究的学者肖小和认为,随着央行对票据业务监管力度的不断加大,票据经纪行为也面临着自身业务的规范、转型和创新。规范票据经纪行为,既有利于民间资本的合法流动,更有利于票据市场的制度创新、法治健全和长期健康发展。 监管趋严封堵票据套利空间 近日,央行再度直击同业账户违规管理问题。所谓同业账户违规,就是违反了"票据中介不得在银行开立同业账户,也不可以控制银行的同业账户"的要求。违规租借银行账户,给了票据中介隐秘参与票据转贴现环节的机会。从合规的角度看,转贴现环节只能是在银行间开展。 在票据专家赵慈拉看来,租借银行账户的行为,是为欺诈披了一件银行的"马甲"。 在中小银行内控意识淡薄的情况下,当票据中介以利益为诱饵时,银行同业账户违规出借的情况时有发生。具体做法是:票据中介为大额票据包装出贸易背景,再通过控制的同业账户达成贴现交易,并于银行间转贴现交易中进行套利。这种"套路"成为票据风险案件多发的主要来源。 但是,在监管加强和票交所成立的大背景下,同业账户的监管更趋严格,"寄生"于违规同业账户上的票据中介也会随着违规同业账户的整改而被清洗。 与此同时,在监管趋严和MPA(宏观审慎评估)对广义信贷规模考核的影响下,今年套利票和融资票签发量萎缩80%以上,票据中介参与包装大票倒卖给银行的机会大大降低。 总的来说,分布在各地的40万家票据中介,不能再像以往那样参与银行的转贴现环节--不能参与A银行与B银行间的票据撮合交易。 在小票江湖做撮合谋转型 没了"马甲",这些票据中介还有没有生存空间?小额票据(简称"小票")市场的热火朝天让票据中介找到了新的生存土壤。 在央行大力推行电子票据的大背景下,电票发展迅速,在票据市场的份额迅速提升。由此,小额电票"江湖"从区域化交易转变为全国化的大市场。 票据中介转型最为成熟的路径有两条:一个方向是做票据经纪和用票企业的撮合平台,另一个方向是发展小票理财平台。 事实上,经过多年的市场摸索,很多企业意识到从票据中介手里购买电票用于支付企业货款,年化可以节约付款额的3%至4%,这对实体企业利润率的贡献不容小觑。大中型企业只要改变这一项财务支付方式,一年就可以节约上千万元的财务成本。 因而,左手服务有票需融资企业,右手服务可用票据付款企业,票据中介居中运作可谓如鱼得水。然而,分散在各地的票据中介如何互通有无、进行票据买卖,无疑成了行业痛点。 "只要建立一个票据中介及用票企业的平台,就能有效解决票据买卖、票款对付的信任问题。"同城票据网创始人曹石金由此发现了商机,因为距离的缘故,江苏的票据中介很难和大连的票据中介或用票企业进行票款对付,这就需要开发一个票款对付的系统。在和多家银行进行沟通后,曹石金最终与兴业银行(601166,)达成合作意向,开启了票据中介服务平台的新天地。 小票理财平台玩转票据资产 随着"互联网+"渗入到各个领域,原本波澜不惊的小票市场,也成为各界资金搅动风云的江湖,票据资产的属性被有效发掘。 "起初的小票市场,多数参与者为小额票据中介。他们主要的业务是帮一些大企业收集小票。这些大企业可以拿着小票去支付上下游货款。如果手里还有一部分即将到期的票据,一些中介就自己持有到期,赚取中间的价差。"江阴一位票据中介王先生说。 但随着互联网票据理财的兴起,像金银猫、票据客这样的网贷平台迅速兴起,小额票据互联网化"忽如一夜春风来",成为普通投资人的理财产品。一些大型互联网公司也开始涉足这一领域,比如京东小银票、新浪微财富等。 "这些大型互联网公司介入到小票江湖,把这潭池水搅得更有意思了。"票据客创始人洪其华说,最多的一天,这些互联网公司可以消化近2亿元的小额票据,而且融资成本很低,着实让一些银行都感到吃惊。 "为了抢到一单业务,我们不光与小中介拼价格,还要与一些地方小银行拼价格,但这种小额票据的融资人,其实最关心的是速度和安全,价格并不是最敏感的因素。"洪其华说,一张10万元的票据,如果期限是2个月,利率如果再加2个百分点,整张票据的扣息也就多了300多元,那些想尽快拿到钱的融资客户,对这些成本并不敏感。 洪其华给记者算了一笔账:"行情好的时候,一天可以卖掉3000万元左右的小票,毛利有30万元。" 对于小票市场的火热发展,业内人士提醒,票据中介的撮合平台、理财平台等创新探索,都应该以收取信息服务费为目的,而不能以套利为目的,这是票据中介合规发展的前提。
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