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中美合作研究揭示:肠道共生菌阻断蚊子传播疟疾

2017-09-29 15:32:51   

央广网上海9月29日消息(记者吴善阳)国际权威学术期刊《科学》(Science) 今天在线发表了中国科学院上海植物生理生态研究所王四宝研究组与美国约翰霍普金斯大学Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena研究组合作的研究成果:“利用工程肠道共生细菌助力蚊子抵抗疟原虫”(Driving mosquito refractoriness to Plasmodium falciparum with engineered symbiotic bacteria)。该研究首次发现了能在按蚊中代代相传的肠道共生细菌,成功构建了抗疟效应分子的高效分泌表达系统,攻克了驱动抗疟基因快速散播到整个蚊群的关键难题,为从源头上阻断疟疾传播提供了新“武器”。

蚊子作为媒介传播疟疾、登革热、黄热病和寨卡等多种重大传染病,严重威胁人类的健康。其中,以按蚊为传播媒介的疟疾最为严重,发病率和致死率始终居高不下。据世界卫生组织报告,全世界约一半人口面临疟疾风险,每年有2-3亿人感染,年死亡人数近百万,平均每1-2分钟就有一名儿童死于疟疾。疟疾主要发生在撒哈拉以南非洲、东南亚、拉丁美洲以及中东地区。2015年,91个国家和地区有持续性的疟疾传播。2014年我国报告疟疾病例3078例。伴随全球化和气候变暖,国际人员交流、出国劳务输出和货物流通的频繁,近年我国最致命的恶性疟病例以超过20%的速度增加,其中90%以上病例在境外感染后在国内发病。因此,疟疾是没有国界的传染病。

疟疾由受疟原虫感染的雌性按蚊通过叮咬传播。全球共有400多种按蚊,其中约有100种是疟疾的适宜传播媒介。蚊媒防制一直是阻断疾病传播的最主要措施。当前灭蚊手段仍然依赖化学杀虫剂,由于化学农药长期大量和不合理的使用,不仅污染环境、损害人类健康,还导致蚊虫抗药性在全球蔓延。同时,近年在大湄公河次区域5个国家(柬埔寨,老挝人民民主共和国,缅甸,泰国,越南)已发现疟原虫对青蒿素产生了耐药性。因此,研发新的对抗疟疾传播方法迫在眉睫。

鉴于疟原虫需要在雌蚊肠道内完成有性生殖等复杂的发育过程后,才能通过雌蚊叮人吸血传递给人,因此杀灭按蚊肠道内的疟原虫可以阻断疟疾传播。虽然此前大量研究表明,经过遗传改良的蚊子或工程肠道菌表达抗疟效应分子能够杀灭按蚊肠道内的疟原虫,但这两种策略都面临一个巨大挑战—如何驱动抗疟基因快速渗透到整个蚊群中?

王四宝研究组成立于2012年,主要研究蚊虫和肠道微生物协同抗疟的机制。在最新的研究中,王四宝研究团队从按蚊体内分离到兼具垂直和水平传播能力的沙雷氏菌属新菌株AS1。深入研究发现,该共生菌不仅能由雄蚊通过交配水平传播给雌蚊,还可通过粘附在卵壳表面经雌蚊产卵垂直传给后代蚊虫,实现在蚊群中代代相传。此外,该共生菌可以在不同种类按蚊间传播。经过多年努力成功构建了抗疟效应分子高效分泌表达系统,使AS1成为活菌“疫苗”或抗疟药物的双重载体,能在多种按蚊肠道内高效特异地抑制或杀灭疟原虫,使按蚊成为无效疟疾媒介,从而在源头上切断疟疾传播。同时,该共生菌不影响蚊虫寿命,具有生态环境安全性。这项研究为抗疟基因快速散播到整个蚊群提供了安全高效的驱动系统,解决了如何驱动抗疟基因扩散到整个蚊群的巨大挑战,使肠道共生菌介导的阻断疾病传播新策略从实验室走向实际应用成为可能,具有广阔的应用前景。该项研究成果也为其它蚊媒传染病(登革热、寨卡等)和植物虫媒病害的防控开辟了新的思路。

利用肠道共生菌介导的阻断疟疾传播新策略具有明显的优势:1)新共生菌AS1在按蚊种群中具有持续跨代传播的能力;2)该共生菌不影响蚊虫寿命,具有生态环境安全性;3) 蚊子吸血后,肠道共生细菌数量会成百上千倍地增殖,产生的抗疟效应分子也相应的显著增加;4)细菌的遗传改造比蚊子的遗传操作要简单得多,构建同时产生多个抗疟化合物的工程菌株简单易行,可避免或减少疟原虫产生抗性;5)共生菌在疟蚊中的散播不受按蚊种间或种群间存在生殖隔离的限制,便于将抗疟基因散播到不同种类的按蚊中;6)细菌大规模生产成本低廉,所需设备简单,便于在疟疾流行的欠发达国家推广应用;7)从源头上阻止蚊子传播疟原虫虫,为人类抗击疟疾提供新“武器”;8)与当前的蚊虫防治策略和综合治理计划具有很好的兼容性。

本项研究由王四宝研究组联合美国约翰霍普金斯大学、巴西里约热内卢大学等科研人员合作完成。该研究得到了中科院战略性先导科技专项、国家自然科学基金、中国科学院“百人计划”、美国国家过敏和传染病研究所和巴西国家科学委员会等项目资助。

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