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科学家发现高效阻断疟疾传播新“武器”

2017-09-29 10:27:51   

新华社华盛顿9月28日电(记者 林小春)对付热带病“头号杀手”疟疾又多了两件新“武器”。中美等国研究人员28日报告说,他们利用工程肠道菌和强化疟蚊免疫系统两种方式,在实验室中成功阻断疟疾的传播。

两件抗疟新“武器”以两篇论文方式发布在新一期美国《科学》杂志上,其中工程肠道菌研究论文由中国科学院上海植物生理生态研究所王四宝研究组联合美国约翰斯·霍普金斯大学等机构研究人员合作完成。

王四宝对新华社记者介绍说,他们从疟蚊(又称按蚊)体内分离到一种属于沙雷氏菌属的新菌株AS1,它不仅能由雄蚊通过交配传播给雌蚊,还可通过黏附在卵壳表面经雌蚊产卵传给后代蚊虫,具有在蚊群中代代相传的能力。

在经过基因改造后,该共生细菌能分泌表达5种具有不同抗疟机制的抗疟基因,在多种疟蚊肠道内高效特异地抑制或杀灭疟原虫,使蚊子成为无效疟疾媒介,从而在源头上切断疟疾传播。此外,这种共生细菌在疟蚊中的散播不受疟蚊种间或种群间生殖隔离的限制,便于将抗疟基因散播到不同种类的疟蚊中。

据介绍,改造这种共生细菌操作简单,不影响蚊虫寿命,具有生态环境安全性,便于在疟疾流行的欠发达国家推广应用。

王四宝说:“这一新共生细菌为加快抗疟基因散播提供了安全高效的驱动系统,解决了如何将抗疟菌株扩散到整个蚊群的巨大挑战,使肠道共生菌介导的阻断疾病传播新策略从实验室走向实际应用成为可能。”

另一篇论文由约翰斯·霍普金斯大学和马里兰大学研究人员合作完成。他们通过对疟蚊进行基因改造,强化其免疫功能以抵抗疟原虫感染。但没想到的是,这种策略不仅改变了疟蚊肠道与生殖器官的菌群,而且使被改造疟蚊变得更加有交配“吸引力”,因而更容易在蚊群中传播其改造基因。

疟疾由受疟原虫感染的雌性按蚊通过叮咬传播。据世界卫生组织报告,全世界约一半人口面临疟疾风险,年死亡人数超过40万,其中多数是撒哈拉沙漠以南非洲5岁以下儿童。

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