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10级强震不倒 故宫古建抗震功夫是如何炼成的

2017-08-25 17:07:13   央广网

太和殿立面

太和殿平摆浮搁柱底

太和殿梁架

最近,一段“故宫建筑模型在强震模拟中岿然不倒”的视频在微博上火了。这段视频来自英国电视台第4频道制作的纪录片《紫禁城的秘密》。

故宫博物院研究馆员周乾博士是该纪录片中展示的故宫建筑模型抗震试验的主要设计者。他向科技日报记者介绍道:“这是首次将故宫中某一建筑的整体结构模型放置在地震工况下进行测试,结果出乎意料,模型经受住了10.1级地震的考验”。

根据地震学理论,一般用地震烈度来表示地震对建筑物的影响程度。但是该片英国导演认为,对英国观众来说,地震烈度的概念比较陌生,而更倾向于接受震级的概念。“因此,在纪录片中,用震级来代替烈度描述地震作用强度。”周乾表示。

以柔克刚 古建模型强震不倒

在做故宫建筑模型抗震测试前,英国摄制组曾经做过一些欧洲古代建筑模型的抗震试验,砖石结构模型都以坍塌告终,中国古建筑木结构能扛过强震吗?测试开始前,参与拍摄该节目的英国专家理查德和周乾打了个赌。理查德认为,故宫建筑模型肯定会被震垮。

起初,在体验3级到4级地震时(地震烈度约为5—6度),模型只是在试验台上轻微晃动。随着地震烈度的不断增加,模型晃动的幅度增大,两侧的砖石墙体出现垮塌。加码到10.1级地震强度时,地震波烈度的峰值已超过历史地震的最大值,振动台加载装置也已达到工作极限。

然而,在如此剧烈的地震作用下,试验模型仍然保持稳定摇晃,并在震后基本能够恢复到初始状态,建筑整体屹立不倒,立柱只是发生了轻微的位移,充分体现了中国传统木构古建在地震作用下“墙倒屋不塌”的特点。

“理查德曾向我描述,他在现场感受到,在强震作用下,有一个巨大的冲击力扑向模型。模型开始摇晃,但是始终保持稳定状态。在复位过程中,古建筑模型像揉太极球一样,把地震力往外推了出去。这很像中国太极功夫中的以柔克刚,四两拨千斤。”周乾说道。

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