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美国动用贸易法301条款对华调查 中方权威回应

2017-08-16 01:06:09   中国青年网

中新网8月16日电 当地时间14日,美国总统特朗普签署行政备忘录,授权美国贸易代表莱特希泽审查所谓的“中国不公平贸易行为” ,尤其针对中国在技术转让等知识产权领域的做法。这一授权意味着莱特希泽可能援引“301条款”对中国发起调查,并可在调查结束后建议美国总统实施单边制裁。

【何为301条款】

此次调查依据的“301条款”是美国《1974年贸易法》第301条的简称。由301条款延伸而来的301调查诞生于冷战时期,被视为贸易外交的工具。

这一条款规定,当美国贸易代表办公室(USTR)确认某贸易伙伴的某项政策违反贸易协定,或被美国单方认定为不公平、不公正或不合理时,即可启动单边性、强制性的报复措施。报复手段包括中止贸易协定、关税等进口限制、取消免税待遇和强迫签订协议等。

自20世纪90年代中期世界贸易组织(WTO)成立以来,这一条款在美国已被渐渐弃用,美国发动单边制裁案例的数量和频率也显著减少。自2001年至今,美国政府仅在2013年针对乌克兰的知识产权保护问题使用过一次“301条款”调查。如今,美国欲再次对中国挥舞“301大棒”。

【美曾多次对华启动301调查】

近30年来,美国曾多次对中国进行调查。20世纪90年代,美国多次对中国发起知识产权方面的特殊301调查和谈判。中美于1992年、1995年、1996年签订知识产权方面的谅解备忘录,中国承诺加强知识产权保护,并先后修订了《专利法》、《商标法》,颁布《反不正当竞争法》等。

在针对中国的特殊301调查和谈判期间,美国也发起过几次短暂的贸易战。1994年和1995年,美国贸易代表办公室两次对中国采取措施,对中国向美国出口的纺织品、服装及电子产品征收100%的惩罚性关税。

2004年,美国劳联-产联曾提起针对中国劳工权利和劳工标准的301调查申请,不过最终被美国政府否决。在奥巴马执政期间的2010年,美国政府接受美国钢铁工人联合会的请求,对中国清洁能源有关政策和措施启动301调查。

【象征意义大于实际意义?】

其实,特朗普签署的这份行政备忘录,并不意味着美国将立刻启动相关具体调查,也不意味着一定会出台针对中国的制裁措施。即便调查确实进行,也可能需要一年时间,才会决定是否会实施贸易制裁。

此次贸易调查的重点,被指是针对中国涉嫌违反美国知识产权和强制美国企业做技术转让的指控。美方的行动从短期来看,可能使少部分美国人受益。再联系美国目前的种种贸易保护政策,此次对中国的贸易调查更像是借知识产权保护之名,行贸易保护之实,以重振美国经济。

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