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网络文学蕴含着创新的生机

2017-08-11 04:42:36   新华网

网络文学阅读调查】

如果从“一时代有一时代之文学”的角度来考察新世纪以来中国文学所发生的重要变化的话,那么无疑应当关注到以网络文学为代表的新媒体文学的“异军突起”。在某种程度上甚至可以说,这已经成了新世纪以来中国文学发展中最重要的现象之一。

现今,网络文学作者群体极为庞大,他们生活经历各不相同,职业背景五花八门,这在一定程度上有助于丰富文学反映生活的宽广度,创作出适应各种层次读者需要的作品,也对繁荣文学创作起到了巨大的作用。不可否认的是,网络小说也呈现出严重的类型化倾向。甚至从某种程度上说,类型小说已经成为网络小说的代名词。

市场化的文学环境宣告了文学的“读者时代”已然取代了文学的“作者时代”,读者的阅读需求实际上成为文学生产的主导。如果说在过去,作家可以不理会读者的反应而去创作的话,那么在市场化的文学环境中,作家就再也不能无视读者的阅读需要了。读者对文学娱乐功能的需求在市场化的环境中终于不用再羞羞答答遮遮掩掩,而是理直气壮地用文学消费表明了自己的态度,这是类型化文学作品迅速复苏的重要原因。

网络文学创作一开始并没有商业化,类型化作品之所以在网络上大量涌现,最大的原因仍然是有读者的需求。过去,这种需求曾一度被压抑,但在市场化和互联网时代,这种需求就变成一种显性的存在。读者的需求被敞开,电脑写作、网络发表空前地便利,极大地提高了文学生产和传播的效率。现今的网络写手们一天更新上万字甚至数万字,在过去靠笔写作的年代是无法想象的。而现今网上一篇作品贴出来以后,短时间内就会有成千上万人点击、评论,这在过去也是无法想象的。而且网络写手们大都生活在民众中间,他们非常清楚普通读者的阅读需求,再加上一些网络文学网站在市场的引导下有意识地推动,于是侧重娱乐的类型化作品便迅速滋长。

当然,市场化的文学环境,加之网络时代文学发表与传播的相对自由化,使得文学创作乍一脱离束缚之后,可能短时间内显得无所适从,甚至在一定时期内出现庸俗的商业化写作扎堆的现象,但随着时间的推移,文学肯定会完成自身的调试,走向健康的轨道。因为在市场化的文学环境中,读者的需求(市场需求)最终会以“看不见的手”完成这种调控。当一种类型小说的模式化倾向越来越严重,复制和拼贴的痕迹越来越清晰之后,自然也就会逐渐丧失对读者的吸引力,变得难以为继。而为了继续在文学市场中占据足够的份额,创作者就必须另辟新路,以求保持对读者的吸引力。这样,在不断类型化、模式化的过程中,也必然蕴含着创新的生机。

(作者:史建国,系山东大学文学院副教授)

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