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建构文学的公共空间(新作评介)

2017-08-09 04:34:47   中国青年网

本雅明曾经宣称自己的理想是用镶嵌缀合的方式创作一部完全由引文构成的著作,顾超的《文学的彼岸》用访谈拼贴结撰成了一部著作。两者一方面年代相隔,另一方面主旨不同,但我想强调的是他们可能共同有着超越于“文学”本体的潜在欲望。在顾超的表述中,就是发掘“哲学化的文学”,其目的是“通过作家们的话语凝练出文学公共领域的社会想象”,正如其副标题所显示的“中国作家的话语理性与社会想象”。

通过对王蒙、叶延滨、叶辛、梁晓声、张抗抗、贾平凹、周大新、范小青、刘醒龙、欧阳江河、柳建伟、格非、李浩、徐则臣等14位作家的单独访谈、共同问题的回答,《文学的彼岸》形成了一种复调式结构,让不同教育背景、年龄段、职业经历和居住地方的作家各言其志、平行对话。事实上,关于文学访谈类的书比比皆是,前有著名的《巴黎访谈》,后有形形色色的以年代划分的作家访谈录,这些书尽管提问者有着明确的问题预设,但往往以访谈对象为主体,随言赋形,存史留真。顾超的访谈则有着鲜明的主题性线索,这个线索就是从宏观与概括的角度,提取文学与社会的关系——不仅包括文学的审美与技巧,更多在于文学的认知与教育功能,如何通过重塑价值与共识,来建构文学意义上的公共领域,进而达到文学的善治。就此而言,其关怀不可谓不大,其立意不可谓不高。

如果我们不是将政治狭隘地理解为具体的某种社会管理运作,而视为身处社会中的具有历史性的人的基本存在方式;同时我们不是将文学片面地理解为现代以来的分科惯性界定,而视作人们抒情言志、表意叙事的基本符号行为,那么我们必得承认文学与社会从来都不能分割开来。顾超《文学的彼岸》正是要立足于当代的现场,通过让关于文学的不同见解众声喧哗,来探索我们时代文学与社会治理之间的关系。

置身改革时代,精神生活中的沦陷成为不得不严肃面对的问题。如何走出资本逻辑和商业伦理的桎梏,在物质、生理与本能的自然人生存中,重塑社会人的尊严、生活意义、永恒性等价值与目的显得尤为重要。

“世界是平的”,文学的功能又在于保持各不相同的事物之间的差异并力图使其彼此对话和沟通。

世界在混乱中充满生机,困难中孕育创造。就像王蒙所说:“如果不能在这种纠结中找到整合与平衡乃至融合的道路,就会陷入危殆”。这个时候不能就文学谈文学,必须将其放置在悠久的历史文化传统与开阔的社会关系网络之中进行定位。所以顾超的意图在于谋求多样性与一体性相调和的途径,以弥合分裂,当然这种共识的基础一定是建基于尊重个体的多样性与差异性之上的。因而顾超提到的交往理性和协商共识不失为一条中正平和的道路。

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