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新闻背景:臭氧也分“好的”和“坏的”

2017-08-08 13:38:44   新华网

新华网北京8月8日电(记者 曹滢)臭氧是一种淡蓝色、有刺激性的气体。在距离地面10至50千米高空的臭氧层中,可以吸收紫外光线,保护人体不受侵害;近地面的高浓度臭氧会对生物产生危害,损害人的呼吸道和粘膜。

根据我国空气质量监测标准,臭氧1小时平均浓度超过200微克/立方米即为超标;当某日臭氧浓度的最大8小时平均值超过160微克/立方米,则确定当日出现臭氧污染。

目前科学研究一般认为,我国城市臭氧污染的成因比较复杂。内因是氮氧化物和挥发性有机物排放,在空气中进行复杂的光化学反应形成,外因则是高温、强太阳辐射等气象条件。另外,区域传输也是污染形成的原因。

通过臭氧的形成机制,可以推断出臭氧污染通常出现在天气晴朗的夏季城市。机动车排出的尾气中同时含有氮氧化物和碳氢化物,是形成臭氧的绝佳条件。而现实监测情况也反映,在夏秋季节气象条件下,臭氧影响会比较显著,到了晚秋和冬季,阳光强度已不利于臭氧生成。当气象条件不利时,高浓度的一次污染物快速转化为PM2.5,甚至出现重污染。

历史资料显示,人们第一次认识臭氧污染是在1943年洛杉矶光化学烟雾事件中。当时大量烟雾笼罩了洛杉矶市中心,人们感到双眼刺痛、喉咙像被刮擦过。由于正值二战期间,人们以为是日军用化学武器袭击。但是直到1952年,加州理工学院的化学家才研究揭示出,真正的原因是炼油厂和机动车排放的碳氢化合物与燃烧过程排放的氮氧化物在阳光下发生光化学反应,产生了高浓度的臭氧。

在我国,上世纪80年代兰州西固出现了臭氧浓度高值,这是我国首次开展臭氧调查研究。当时兰州机动车保有量很低,主要来源于石化企业和发电厂产生的挥发性有机物和氮氧化物,在高原紫外线的作用下,产生大量臭氧。

中国环境监测总站从2008年起组织天津、上海、重庆、广东省、广州、深圳、南京、苏州、宁波等9个城市或地区,开展了臭氧试点监测工作。2013年起,我国已有338个城市的1436个城市评价点开展臭氧监测,另外还有16个背景站、96个区域站相继开展臭氧监测。

 今年以来年全国臭氧污染明显加重,咋回事?》》详细

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