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专家谈茂县山体垮塌成因:警报能否在灾害前拉响

2017-06-26 05:22:15   

原标题:警报,能否在灾害到来前拉响

6月24日5时45分,四川阿坝州茂县叠溪镇突发山体垮塌灾害,经专家现场踏勘初步分析,这是一次降雨诱发的高位远程崩滑碎屑流灾害,垮塌山体为当地新磨村新村组富贵山山体,塌方量约为800万立方米。截至25日14时,灾害已造成62户被埋、93人失联。

地处龙门山断裂带的叠溪镇,位于岷江流向成都平原大拐弯的高山峡谷处,当地山体多发垮塌和滑坡现象。该地区曾于1933年发生7.5级叠溪地震,并诱发大型滑坡——堰塞湖灾害链,堰塞湖一直保留至今。2008年,汶川地震也曾在该地区诱发多处崩塌、滑坡等次生山地灾害。此次滑坡有何特点?成因是什么,与此前地震灾害有何关联?未来这类地质灾害能否预警?25日,科技日报记者带着这些问题专访了地质环境与地质灾害专家、中国工程院院士卢耀如以及中科院山地所的专家等。

6月25日,消防官兵在救援间隙抓紧时间休息。 四川消防 供图

长期、多因素交叉形成灾害

山体滑坡是指山体斜坡上某一部分岩土,沿着一定的软弱结构面(带)产生剪切位移而整体地向斜坡下方移动的作用和现象,俗称“走山”,是常见地质灾害之一。

“川西地区地震是很频繁的,滇西地区地质构造活跃,平均每10年就发生一次六七级的地震。川西地区每20年就有一次六七级的地震。”卢耀如认为,川西和滇西两个地区有互补的情况。滇西地区地震活跃的时候,川西地区地震就弱一些;川西强的时候滇西就弱一些。这次茂县的滑坡,实际上是1933年叠溪大地震和2008年汶川大地震复合造成的隐伏灾害的效应,是青藏高原板块挤压运动的结果。

四川省地质灾害应急专家裴向军称,目前已证实,滑坡所处的叠溪镇松坪沟就是1933年叠溪地震一个断层通过的地方,“这场地震对当地斜坡的损伤,比汶川地震更严重”。

事故发生后,率先赶赴灾区现场勘查的中科院山地灾害与地表过程重点实验室副主任、中科院成都山地所研究员何思明说,“滑坡灾害不是单一因素导致,而是长期、多因素交叉形成的自然过程,包括地震等地壳运动的内动力,及降雨、冰雪融解等外动力”。

“表面看完整的石块,它的下面可能有分层或裂隙。”关于地质灾害长期积累的过程,灾害发生期间正在茂县开展科学考察的中科院成都山地所副研究员陈华勇说,岩层遇到地震等外界因素后变得松动,再经雨水渗透,降低岩层间摩擦阻力,就会打破原有静止状态。“或者是多次降雨等积累因素,反复冲击岩层原有机构,达到某个临界点后,就会启动滑坡、泥石流等灾害。”

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