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美媒揭北极探险军舰失踪之谜:或发生人吃人惨剧

2016-12-12 05:30:07   参考消息网

1845年5月19日,船身漆成黑色配黄色条纹的“埃里伯斯”号和“恐怖”号启程,顺着泰晤士河进入大西洋。岸边挤满了为大英帝国的实力欢呼雀跃的伦敦人。成功似乎唾手可得。

错误决策让所有人陷入绝境

但是富兰克林进入的是一片科学界尚不了解的边疆。由于靠近北极,指南针无法正常工作。当时没有气象报告。加拿大公园管理局的水下考古学家瑞安·哈里斯说,那时的气候要比现在寒冷得多,而且有些年份冰层在夏天也不会融化。船只会迅速被如同水泥一样坚硬的冰面困住。

探险队在5月底之前进入了北冰洋,选择穿越迷宫一般的加拿大北极群岛。富兰克林和他手下的人最远到达过北纬77度的地方,距离北极点约850英里(1英里约为1.6公里),然后他们到一个无人居住的小岛上过冬。扎贡说,当时的海冰肯定出奇的薄,所以他们才能到达那么靠北的地方。

那里地形平坦,荒无人烟,从北极点刮来的刺骨寒风时速达到60英里。这里几乎没有野生动植物,唯一的植物是附着在黑色岩石上顽强生长的苔藓。这片区域辽阔无边;就算是今天,加拿大北极地区也只有10%的地方绘制在了地图上。

每年在北极地区生活5个月的北极研究基金会总裁阿德里安·席姆诺夫斯基说,要想生存下来,唯一的办法是按照因纽特人说的去做。他说:“如果因纽特人向你提供有关天气、捕猎地点以及去某个地方的最佳路线的建议,我会百分之百地按照他们说的去做。他们比其他任何人都更了解这片土地。”

不过,从因纽特人口述的历史来看,富兰克林及其手下的人并没有咨询因纽特人的意见。1846年9月,这名英国人做出了一个灾难性决定,要穿过一条危险的通道——维多利亚海峡。扎贡说,虽然这个海峡距离加拿大本土只有200英里,但这里的冰层通常比更靠北的地方还要厚得多。

扎贡认为,探险队遇上了暴风雪,几个小时内维多利亚海峡就结了冰,将船困住。人们在船上蜷缩了将近2年,等着冰层融化。不过加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省海洋科学研究所的退休海洋学家爱德华·卡马克说,就算在夏天,海冰也没有融化。包括富兰克林在内的20多人死于疾病。

剩下的人在1844年4月22日弃船,孤注一掷地向南步行,要穿越威廉王岛,向加拿大本土进发。这是一个危险的计划,在凛冽的寒风中,与威廉王岛之间15英里的距离,他们走了整整3天。我们之所以知道这一点,是因为5年后,在威廉王岛一块地标石下面,发现了“埃里伯斯”号上一名指挥官写的便条。

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