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是谁领着英法联军去烧的圆明园?

2016-12-09 15:51:08   

还有这样一段野史来佐证这个观点。龚孝拱之父龚自珍为官清正廉明,对清朝的腐败及弊政不满,曾写《明良论》议论抨击朝政,满族官员借此参劾龚自珍,后龚在深夜暴亡。龚孝拱得到证据,知道其父是被八旗官僚暗害,所以他一直伺机为其父报仇。

真实的情形是,在火焚圆明园之前,英法联军曾派遣39人的谈判队伍到清廷谈判。但以僧格林沁为主的满人狂妄自大,肆意侮辱折磨来使,草菅人命。在英法的强烈要求下,清政府才释放了幸存的被折磨得没人样的19人。英法强盗制定的万国公法中写道:“凡使臣被杀,他日破城,鸡犬不留。”额尔金还特意提出了一点,一定要焚烧圆明园。在10月18日放火烧圆明园之前,额尔金还在北京张贴了告示,说明了烧圆明园的原因和预定的放火时间:“任何人,无论贵贱,皆需为其愚蠢的欺诈行为受到惩戒,18日将火烧圆明园,以此作为皇帝食言之惩戒,作为违反休战协定之报复。与此无关人员皆不受此行动影响,惟清政府为其负责。”

清代王湘绮所作《圆明园词》曾注:“夷人入京,遂至宫闱,见陈设富丽,相戒勿入,云恐以失物索偿也。及夷人出,而贵族穷者,倡率奸民,假夷为名,遂先纵火,夷人还,而大掠矣。”对此,民国时期黄秋岳评说:“湘绮此段笺释明了。焚掠圆明之祸首,非英法联军,乃为海淀一带之穷旗人。此说大致不谬。”越缦堂咸丰庚申八月间日记为补证:“二十三日甲申记:闻恭邸逃去,夷人据海淀,夷人烧圆明园,夜火光达旦烛天。二十四日乙酉记:闻夷人仅焚园外官民房。二十五日丙戌记:今日丙外各门尽闭……盖城外劫盗四起,只身敞衣,悉被掠夺。二十七日戊子记:闻圆明园为夷人劫掠后,奸民乘之,攘夺余物,至挽车以运之,上方珍秘,散无孑遗……”对此,黄秋岳评说:“圆明园一役,其始联军仅焚园外官吏房,或为军事上必要之举动。而许多旗人土匪,即乘机劫掠,于是联军旋亦入园。”

恭亲王在给皇帝的奏折中说:“二十二日早,因该夷抄至德胜、安定二门,事情紧急,连夜约同文祥出城,复给该夷照会,许以送还巴酋,并令巴酋写信与额酋,令其止兵。乃照会发去之后,该夷并无回字,至午间该夷已抄至德胜门土城外,暗袭僧格林沁,我军不战而溃,败兵纷纷退至圆明园,夷匪亦衔尾而来。”英法联军就是这样到了圆明园的。这样,说龚孝拱或者李姓旗人引领英法联军去圆明园抢劫,就不能成立。

中国第一历史档案馆编印的《圆明园》等资料记录了当时的情形:居住在圆明园周围、海淀一带的上万民众连日到圆明园抢劫。局势平息后,朝廷从当地民众手中收缴回大量文物珍宝。由此可知,圆明园被劫掠焚毁,“主犯”罪魁祸首自然是英法联军,但那些趁火打劫大发国难财的国人却是实实在在的“共犯”,这些“奸民”难逃其咎。从整个过程看,还需要什么人带路吗?

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