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李鸿章为何背上汉奸之名:总得有人背负骂名

2016-06-30 14:36:59   董丛林 东方网

李鸿章到底是好人还是坏人?”用一个“好人”或“坏人”去评论一个复杂至极的历史人物未免极度简单化,但也恰恰是因为“极度简单”反而让这个问题极度复杂。不知从什么时候起,我们已经习惯了复杂地看待问题,想要简单地说清楚一个问题反而做不到了。

那么,李鸿章到底是好还是坏呢?这个问题被提出来本身就已经说明了这个问题的复杂性。没有人会问袁世凯是不是坏人,因为已基本有定论(当然,习惯于把一切问题复杂化的我们偶尔也会有不同声音来讨论,不过基本不影响结论);也很少有人会问辜鸿铭是好人坏人,这倒不是说辜鸿铭一定是好人,而是对此人的评价标准可以脱离“好”与“坏”的范畴,他再好或再坏也不涉及“爱国”“卖国”的大是大非,因为其基本不在政治漩涡之中。而李鸿章则不同,他“一生功过在和戎”,总是出现在外交场合,甚至是在谈判桌前。要知道任何时代任何国家,出现在谈判桌前的人往往都会引起人们的不满,更何况是在积贫积弱的晚清被列强的坚船利炮逼迫到谈判桌前的李鸿章。李鸿章“汉奸”的骂名从1895年签订《马关条约》的那一天起就已经背负,“好人”与“坏人”的问号也就从那一天开始打出。

李鸿章在《马关条约》和《辛丑条约》上签字,于是成为了“汉奸”,而假如签字的那个人叫“张鸿章”,那么这个“汉奸”就会变成“张鸿章”。也就是说,谁签字,谁就是汉奸。但问题是,在那样的历史条件下,总得有人去签字,总得有人背负这个千古骂名。王树增在《1901》当中有一连串关于《辛丑条约》的诘问,从慈禧到清流哪一个不该骂,却独独骂李鸿章。其实,骂李鸿章也是一种逃避的手段:挑选出一个汉奸大骂痛骂,就转移了视线,推卸了责任,甚至因为谩骂中言辞上的正义而让自己堂而皇之地成为了“正义”的一方,何乐而不为?但似乎很少有人去想、或者是很少有人愿意去想:如果你是李鸿章,你能如何?

当然,李鸿章所做的一切并不完美,就如董丛林在《刀锋下的外交》这本书中所论述的那样,李鸿章过于迷信列强的技术又过于轻视国人的能量而在外交当中失于软弱,在对付一个列强的时候往往首先想到的是借助另一个或另几个列强的能量,结果却是前门拒狼后门引虎。而在中日甲午海战中更是因为他的保守而致战事失利,于是在马关谈判桌上即便是再有手段再有能量,最终的结果也只能是彻头彻尾的失败。而这种保守和软弱,正是来自打开国门之后和诸强的对比而产生的自卑。因为自卑,就想要学习和发展,但学习和发展总要有个过程,于是就会采取更直接的办法:借助或引入。于是在无力量对付日本的时候李鸿章首先想到的是借助俄罗斯的力量,最后却上了大当。而在这个问题上,我们不能单纯批评李鸿章的短视,因为即使是现在,我们依然有这种强烈的自卑感,这种自卑感让我们急功近利,总是喜欢寻求捷径。比如我们的改革开放,真正学习和发展到的技术很有限,更多的办法是直接从发达国家手里购买。没错,在我们的大街上跑的车和在美国大街上的没什么两样,但问题是人家那是造的,而我们的是买的。

这个问题有点扯远了,不过这种对比能够更好地让我们认清李鸿章,也能够帮助我们通过李鸿章反过来更好地认清我们自己。李鸿章的局限是时代的局限,也是民族的局限。所以知道李鸿章在那个时代做了些什么能够认清那个时代,而清楚李鸿章的思想根源则更有助于了解自己。如今,我们的国家虽然强大了许多,但依然有很多不确定的因素。我们要看清楚这个世界,但更要看清我们自己的局限。李鸿章是好人还是坏人不重要,最重要的是,他是一个中国人。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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