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永暑礁机场都能起降什么飞机?

2016-01-05 10:22:28   

美国智库发布的永暑礁卫星图片

中国外交部2日宣布,中国在永暑礁完成机场建设并进行了校验试飞活动。这一消息随即引发越南、菲律宾、日本等国的强烈关注。据外媒报道,中国在永暑礁上建设的跑道全长3000米。那么,这样一条跑道算什么级别?能起降哪些飞机?

3000米跑道可起降波音767

国际民航组织目前采用两个指标划分机场等级。按基准飞行场地长度将机场划分为1-4四个等级;按照飞机的翼展和主起落架最外面两个机轮的距离将机场划分为A-F六个等级。也就是说,飞行区等级用两个部分组成的编码来表示,第一部分是数字,表示所需要的飞行场地长度;其中,1级跑道长度小于800米;2级长度 800米至1200米;3级长度为1200米至1800米;4级长度为1800米以上。第二部分为字母,表示相应飞机的最大翼展和最大轮距宽度。其中D表示翼展36米到52米,轮距6米到14米,E表示适应机型的翼展52到65米,轮距9-14米。目前我国大部分开放机场飞行区等级均为4D以上。部分机场为4E级。首都机场的三条跑道长度(宽度)分别为3799米(60米)、3200米(49米)和3799米(60米),也就是两条4E,一条4D跑道。目前尚不清楚永暑礁跑道的宽度,但是很可能是4D级别的跑道。

那么3000米的跑道长度可起降什么样的客机呢?资料显示,初期型号的波音767起飞所需跑道长度1710米,而最大起飞重量约200吨的波音767-400ER起降所需跑道长2896米。最大起飞重量247吨的波音777-200以最大重量起飞时所需跑道长度为2500米,最大起飞重量约300吨的波音777起降所需跑道长度则为3536米。

除了跑道的长度和宽度以外,民用机场还根据导航设施的不同分为不同等级。此次校验试飞,重点应该是导航、通信设备等。

军机起降要求比民机低

除了长度和宽度,考察跑道的指标还包括道面硬度。跑道道面分为刚性和非刚性道面。刚性道面由混凝土筑成,能把飞机的载荷承担在较大面积上,承载能力强,在一般中型以上空港都使用刚性道面,国内几乎所有民用机场跑道均属此类。非刚性道面有草坪、碎石、沥青等各类道面,这类道面只能抗压不能抗弯,因而承载能力小,只能用于中小型飞机起降的机场。

通常而言,同等起飞重量的军用运输机要比民航客机对道面的要求低,主要是因为很多运输机有短距起降能力,起飞滑跑距离比同级别民机低,而且军用运输机的起落架和轮胎进行了针对性的设计,对道面硬度要求低。例如,C-5A和波音747的飞机重量相当,而后者有20个机轮,前者共有28个机轮,且胎压较低。C-5A的起落架设计将载荷分布在较大面积上,同时尽可能避免轮胎重复前辙。伊尔-76和波音767起飞重量相当。后者全机10个轮胎,而伊尔-76主起落架4个支柱,全机共20个轮胎,且有调压装置。而起飞滑跑距离只有数百米的战斗机起降对机场跑道长度、宽度和道面硬度的要求均远小于运输机。

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