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长征五号发射失利 但中国火箭成功率仍居世界领先

2017-07-03 09:18:21   铁血网


“三个模块”是指使用液氧/液氢的5米直径模块,使用液氧/煤油的3.35米直径模块、2.25米直径模块;“两种发动机”是指新研制的地面推力50吨YF-77氢氧发动机和地面推力120吨YF-100液氧/煤油发动机;在三个模块基础上第一步组合制造出5米直径芯级的大型运载火箭,再进一步组合制造出3.35米直径芯级的中型运载火箭和小型运载火箭,最终形成近地轨道运力覆盖1.5-25吨,地球同步转移轨道运力覆盖1.5-14吨的“一个系列”。按照方案,新长征系列火箭运载能力相比原长征火箭大幅度提高;使用推进剂无毒无污染;采用“三化”的设计思想降低成本;比传统火箭普遍少一级的一级半或二级半构型提高火箭固有的可靠性;拥有完整的运载能力覆盖范围。

长征五号运载火箭是长征五号系列的基本型号,为带助推器的两级火箭。助推器采用4个3.35米直径模块,每个助推器配置2台120吨级液氧煤油发动机YF-100,每个助推器有1台发动机可单向摆动。一子级采用5米直径模块,安装2台可双向摇摆的50吨级氢氧发动机YF-77。二子级采用改进自长征三号甲运载火箭三子级氢氧发动机的YF-75D作为主动力,发动机可双向摆动,能两次起动,同时配有辅助动力系统。整流罩与有效载荷一起垂直整体运输、吊装。

2009年长征五号运载火箭进入初样研制阶段,完成以5.2米直径整流罩和5米直径火箭舱段制造生产试验。2013年长征五号进入试样研制阶段,开展火箭生产、总装和测试。2016年11月3日,长征五号火箭首飞取得成功。

即使是美俄欧洲等几个航天大国或地区,实验重型火箭都失败过,近年来也频频出现发射失利的情况。欧洲的阿里亚娜火箭发射107次,成功率93%。美国的德尔塔运载火箭发射251次,成功率为94.4%。成功率最高的是苏联联盟号运载火箭,截至1993年4月发射了1012次,失败17次,成功率98.3%。

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