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中国119架固定翼无人机集群飞行再创纪录 领先美国

2017-06-12 10:09:39   环球时报

中美在无人机领域竞争激烈

傅前哨认为,在无人机集群的控制技术领域,中美走在世界最前列。美国致力于打造无人机集群,通过国防高级研究计划局(DARPA)、海军研究局和众多实验室等组织机构,在无人机集群的概念验证研究方面成效显著。美国国防部发布的《无人机系统路线图2005—2030》将无人机自主控制等级分为1-10级,确立“全自主集群”是无人机自主控制的最高等级,预计2025年后无人机将具备全自主集群能力。

2015年,美国海军实现50架固定翼无人机集群飞行的纪录。这些无人机按照主从模式飞行,利用无线自组织网络进行信息交互和共享。与以往每架飞机需要一个操作员不同,该项目通过集群地面控制站实现了同时对50架无人机的控制,将控制权逐渐转移至飞行器,使无人机实现自主飞行和决策,以减轻操控人员的压力。2016年11月,中国第一个固定翼无人机集群飞行试验以67架飞机的数量打破了美国的纪录。今年1月,美军使用三架战斗机在空中释放了103架“山鹑”微型侦察无人机,可连续飞行半小时之久,能自主执行情报搜集和监控任务。但不到半年时间,这个纪录再次被中国改写。

“像智慧生物那样自主决策”

中国电科智能无人系统专家赵彦杰表示,自1917年无人机作为一种新装备问世以来,100年后的今天,智能无人集群再一次成为“改变游戏规则”的颠覆性力量,以集群替代机动、数量提升能力、成本创造优势的方式,重新定义着未来力量运用的形态。

“集群智能”一直被各国视作无人系统人工智能的核心,是未来智能无人系统的突破口。傅前哨表示,无人机集群真正要实用化,面对的问题不只是编队飞行,还需要根据不同情况像智慧生物那样自主做出判断和决策。例如无人机集群控制的基础是协同态势感知,它们配备有不同的传感器,需要通过相互协同工作,实现信息共享,从而获得更大的感知范围和更高的精度。

在编队飞行中,无人机集群还需要根据情况变换队形,例如遇到障碍物时整个编队的分离与重新融合,编队成员增加或减少时的队形调整,以及作战目标改变、威胁环境变化等其他突发情况下的编队重构等。当无人机集群面对高对抗性的战场环境,它们还需要自主判断如何以尽可能少的损失确保任务的完成率,使无人机集群在执行任务时的生存概率和作战效能达到最佳。

据介绍,大规模、低成本、多功能的无人机集群通过空中组网、自主控制、群智决策,可以应用于多种探测感知、应急通信等任务。傅前哨说,例如这类无人机集群实施对地攻击时,就将对地面防空系统构成全新挑战:个体目标太小难以跟踪,即便击落其中几架,也无法消除整个机群的威胁。未来智能无人集群还将呈现系统智能化、网络极大化、节点极小化、平台多样化、成本低廉化五大特点,并加速推进智能无人集群向装备系列化、应用多样化、覆盖全域化快速发展。

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