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国税总局网站刊文:“死亡税率”之说严重误导公众

2016-12-22 14:35:31   国税总局

二、正确看待宏观税负的水平

宏观税负并没有一个统一的口径,通常结合政府收入构成状况,分为大、中、小口径:大口径宏观税负是指政府全部收入占GDP的比重,按照IMF统计口径测算,2012—2015年我国宏观税负接近30%,远低于发达国家平均水平42.8%,也低于发展中国家平均水平33.4%;中口径宏观税负是指税收收入和社会保障缴款之和占GDP比重,按照OECD测算口径,2012-2015年我国宏观税负23.4%,而2014年OECD国家平均水平为35.5%;小口径宏观税负是指税收收入占GDP比重,2012-2015年我国宏观税负18.5%左右,并逐年下降,按照IMF数据测算,2013年发达国家为25.9%,发展中国家为20.4%。

此外,我国企业所得税税率为25%,高新技术企业适用15%税率,世界上征收企业所得税的126个国家标准税率平均为23.7%,欧盟国家所得税标准税率平均为22.1%,OECD国家平均为24.8%;我国增值税标准税率为17%,还有13%、11%和6%的低档税率,实行增值税国家标准税率平均为15.7%,欧盟国家增值税标准税率平均为21.6%。

综上可以看出,我国的宏观税负水平总体上还是比较低的。当然,由于不同税种的计税依据不一,税率设定不同,对企业而言,衡量企业税负的轻或重,不能简单片面只看税率的高低,税率并不等于税负,应当从多维度综合衡量。

三、税负的结构性分析

从税负构成及承担者来看,我国企业承担了90%以上的各种税费,个人承担的各类税费占比不足10%。一方面是由目前我国以流转税为主体的税制结构所决定;另一方面也使企业对税(费)负敏感,尤其是经济下行压力加大、企业盈利能力变弱时,企业自然会感觉税费负担重。相比较而言,西方国家个人所得税和社会保险税(费)占比较高,企业直接负担的税费显得并不高。

从税负的转嫁性来看,收费往往与政府提供公共产品或服务有关,与企业具体的经营活动相关联,难以转嫁;占我国税收收入比重三分之二左右的流转税,由于依附于价格,受市场供求关系的影响,可以实现转嫁,纳税人与负税人分离,企业只履行缴税义务,并非负担者。流转税为主体的税制结构会导致按照世界银行公布的“总税率”指标计算的企业税负虚高。至于流转税的累退性,可以通过税制结构优化完成,但也是一个渐进的过程。

四、完善我国宏观税负的几点思考

一是推进清费立税进程。加大费改税力度,切实将适合税收形式征缴的收费项目、基金项目改为税收;在大力推进税制改革的进程中,适时将某些收费项目并入到税改方案中,统筹实施;在构建财税体制框架结构中,通过费改税,健全地方税体系,确保地方财源稳固。

二是加大减税降负力度。在明晰政府事权和规范政府支出的前提下,控制政府规模膨胀,减少政府对社会资源的强制占有和使用的份额,着力把握好减税降负主基调,为刺激企业投资增长、增加居民收入水平以及扩大消费能力,预留空间。妥善处理好政府与市场以及相互间资源占有和分配使用的关系,发挥市场在资源配置中的主导地位,为企业和市场松绑,为经济发展增添活力。

三是逐步提高直接税的比重。借营改增减税之机,进一步提高直接税比重,加快推进个人所得税综合与分类相结合的税制改革,积极研究房地产税立法,扩大企业所得税税基,规范税前扣除。通过税制改革,为政府实施精准调控预留空间。

责任编辑:郭丽颖 CN045
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